Biography of Kerry James Marshall, Contemporary Artist

Memoir of Kerry James Marshall, Contemporary Artist Kerry James Marshall (conceived October 17, 1955) is a noticeable contemporary African-American craftsman. He got things started for dark craftsmen by ascending to the more elite class of the workmanship world while remaining ardently committed to introducing work that investigates the dark involvement with America. His experience experiencing childhood in the Watts neighborhood of South Central Los Angeles significantly impacted his craft. Quick Facts: Kerry James Marshall Occupation: ArtistBorn: October 17, 1955 in Birmingham, AlabamaEducation: Otis College of Art and DesignSelected Works: Voyager (1992), Many Mansions (1994), Portrait of Nat Turner with the Head of His Master (2011)Notable Quote: One of the reasons I paint individuals of color is on the grounds that I am an individual of color. Early Life and Career Conceived in Birmingham, Alabama, Kerry James Marshall moved with his family to the Watts neighborhood of South Central Los Angeles as a little youngster. He grew up encompassed by the Civil Rights and Black Power developments of the 1960s. He was an onlooker to the Watts revolts that happened in August 1965. As a young person, Kerry James Marshall partook in a late spring drawing class at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles after an instructor designated him for consideration. There, he was indicated the studio of craftsman Charles White who later turned into his teacher and tutor. Kerry James Marshall enlisted as a full-time understudy at the Otis Art Institute in 1977 and earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1978. He moved to Chicago in 1987 in the wake of finishing a residency at the Studio Museum in Harlem, New York City. Marshall started instructing at the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1993, and he earned a virtuoso award from the John D. what's more, Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in 1997. History as Subject Matter A large number of Kerry James Marshalls works reference occasions from American history as essential topic. One of the most noticeable is 1992s Voyager. The pontoon highlighted in the canvas is named Wanderer. It references the narrative of the previous yacht that was the last boat to bring an enormous number of African captives to America. Infringing upon a 50-year-old law forbidding the importation of slaves, the Wanderer showed up at Jekyll Island in Georgia in 1858 with more than 400 slaves ready. It was the last occasion throughout the entire existence of the African slave exchange America. In 2011, Marshall painted Portrait of Nat Turner with the Head of His Master. It is an almost full-length picture in the way of conventional likeness, however the terrible picture of a man butchered in his rest lying behind Nat Turner is chilling. The chronicled occasion referenced is the two-day slave resistance drove by Nat Turner in 1831. Lodging Projects In 1994, Kerry James Marshall painted an arrangement named The Garden Project. He delineates life in broad daylight lodging ventures in the U.S. roused by his own experience living in Nickerson Gardens, a 1,066-unit high rise in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles. His artistic creations in the arrangement investigate the division between the symbolism evoked by the names of the ventures utilizing the word Gardens and the truth of unforgiving life in broad daylight lodging. It is a representation for the lives of African-Americans in contemporary America. One of the key pieces is 1994s Many Mansions. It shows three dark men in formal apparel playing out the difficult work of planting blossoms for a lodging venture. Their delineation is at the focal point of Marshalls juxtaposition of the perfect evoked by the idea of an open lodging venture with the truth of the inhabitants encounters. Another artistic creation in the arrangement, Better Homes, Better Gardens, shows a charming youthful dark couple walking around a block lodging venture. The motivation for this piece is Chicagos Wentworth Gardens. It is famous for a background marked by pack savagery and medication issues. Idea of Beauty Another successive subject of Kerry James Marshalls work is the idea of excellence. The individuals delineated in Marshalls works of art as a rule have extremely dim, practically level dark, skin. He disclosed to questioners that he made the extraordinary to explicitly cause to notice the particular appearance of dark Americans. In a progression of 1994 canvases of models, Marshall delineates male and female dark models. The male model is appeared against a for the most part white foundation that underlines the obscurity of his skin. He is lifting his shirt to apparently impart the intensity of his physical make-up to watchers. He painted a topless female dark model with the names Linda, Cindy, and Naomi engraved in the upper right. They are the famous supermodels Linda Evangelista, Cindy Crawford, and Naomi Campbell. In another model work of art, Marshall compared the picture of the female dark models face with those of blonde white models. Mastry In 2016, Kerry James Marshalls work was the subject of the verifiably huge review Mastry at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago. The show secured 35 years of Marshalls work with about 80 pieces showed. It was a remarkable festival of crafted by an African-American craftsman. Notwithstanding its obvious festival of the dark involvement with America, numerous onlookers saw Kerry James Marshalls fill in as a response to the development of a great part of the craftsmanship foundation away from conventional work of art. In contrast to praised analyzes in moderate and calculated workmanship, Marshall makes his works with an eye toward orchestrating his topic in manners that stretch back to the customs of craftsmanship from the Renaissance time. Kerry James Marshall has clarified that he is more keen on being a painter than making workmanship. At the point when the Mastry display made a trip to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, Kerry James Marshall chose 40 works from the historical centers changeless assortment that he especially esteemed as motivation. The show inside a display was named Kerry James Marshall Selects. Open Works Controversy In 2018, Kerry James Marshalls compositions stood out as truly newsworthy in two contentions over the estimation of open craftsmanship appeared differently in relation to the advantage of open administrations that could be furnished with cash earned from deals of the workmanship. In May, the Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority of Chicago offered the great piece Past Times to rap craftsman and business visionary Sean Combs for $21 million. The first price tag was $25,000. The piece recently hung in the McCormick Place assembly hall out there for anyone to see. The cash earned from the closeout gave a fortune to the spending plan of the open organization. Considerably progressively questionable was the declaration by Chicago chairman Rahm Emmanuel that the city would sell the 1995 Kerry James Marshall painting Knowledge and Wonder. It held tight the divider in one of the citys open library branches. Authorized for $10,000, specialists pegged the estimation of the canvas at some place close $10 million. Emmanuel intended to utilize the assets from the deal to extend and update a part of the library on the citys west side. After extraordinary analysis from general society and the craftsman himself, the city pulled back designs to sell the work in November 2018. Source Tate, Greg, Charles Gaines, and Laurence Rassel. Kerry James Marshall. Phaidon, 2017.

Candombl Religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Candombl Religion - Research Paper Example The religion is established on the spirit of Nature, yet in addition shows components of African folklore and culture. The notoriety of Candomblã © is because of the mix of numerous religions into one, making it pleasing to an assortment of potential devotees and one of the most moan out religions in Africa and Europe. At the point when a religion is viewed as syncretistic, it implies that it is a mix of at least two religions or societies, pulling convictions, stories, and, in many cases, divinities from different religions. Candomblã © is a blend of three principle African religions, Yoruba, Fon, and Bantu. Muslim conventions have additionally been joined, however these were increasingly normal during the slave exchange Brazil. The main Muslim convention that is as yet seen in Candomblã © is accepting, and in this way rehearsing, the utilization of Friday as the main day deserving of venerating gods, asking, and thinking. Numerous nearby Native American gods were likewise utiliz ed in customs, however this training didn't keep going long because of the Catholic Church looking downward on such practices, in this way not permitting their captives to execute them into their practices. Catholicism is one more religion whose convictions and practices have been received by the Candomblã © religion. This was because of the way that â€Å"many Christian slave proprietors and Church pioneers felt it was imperative to change over the subjugated Africans. This was so as to satisfy their strict commitments [...] (â€Å"History of Candomble).† An association was found between the revering of holy people in Catholicism and the venerating of precursor gods in Candomble, so the Candomble specialists subtly joined their gods with the holy people of Catholicism. Gods and Beliefs Candomble is a polytheistic religion, perceiving and adoring more than one god. They put stock in an almighty God, Oludumare, and the lesser gods that serve him. These lesser gods are known as orixas, voduns, and inkices. Orixas are predecessors that, upon death, become seen and treated as divine beings. They each speak to a particular power in nature and a specific food, creature, or shading. Voduns and inkices are soul divine beings, like orixas; the three lesser gods share the obligation of going about as an association between the profound world and the human world, going along messages or looking for fixes to diseases. The best distinction among orixas and voduns and inkices is that it is accepted that each individual has their own orixa, whose obligation it is to control the predetermination of that individual, just as to secure them (Voeks 57). It is likewise a conviction of Candomble professionals that a person’s character and characterizing attributes are subject to that person’s orixa. Candomble keeps up a conviction like that of karma, which is increasingly basic in Buddhism and Hinduism. Karma is the conviction that a person’s activitie s in the current will impact or affect their lives later on or in another life. Candomble holds that there are no ideas of good and shrewdness. Every individual has the errand of satisfying their predetermination in the manner they have to, paying little mind to what that fate is. Be that as it may, if an individual surrenders to shrewdness to satisfy their fate, their activities will return to them, basically restoring their insidiousness. This conviction keeps individuals from doing whatever they need, permitting them to comprehend that their are results to their activities. The Candomble have an assortment of good codes that they most follow, however these will in general change from age to age. It is the activity of the Baba Egum to control and update the ethical duties of their kin. The Baba Egum are accountable for ensuring that the basic good codes

The Remnants of Four Years

The Remnants of Four Years So one of the unfortunate parts of graduating is that you actually have to pack up your life from the past four years.  No more of this, Ill deal with it later and just throw everything in a box. Graduating means getting serious and deciding what to keep.  It also means unearthing things that you have accumulated over the past four years and may have forgotten about.  Free t-shirts seem to be for everything at MIT; classes, departments, career fairs, sports, living groups and everything in between. As a member of the rowing team, I have had the same locker at the Pierce Boathouse for the past four years.  And this means that clothes just piled up.  I tended to wear three different sets of rowing clothes, throw them on a laundry loop and get them back and continue the cycle.  So when I had to finally empty out my locker for the first time in four years, it was like looking back through history, in t-shirts.  Ive decided to give a preview of my four years at MIT in the artistic form of my choosing: a selection of t-shirts, shot in the ever wonderful medium of the iPhone. Freshman Year Sophomore Year Junior Year Senior Year There it is.  A brief summary of my time at MIT.  Someday maybe Ill make a t-shirt quilt or something, but that may take more creative juices (and to be honest, skills) than I have.  But for now the memories are getting folded neatly and packed away.

George Washington s Farewell Address - 1996 Words

In George Washington s Farewell Address, Washington warns against the dangers of political factions by stating, â€Å"it occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations, Northern and Southern, Atlantic and Western; whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interests and views† (Washington). However, despite American leaders such as George Washington and James Madison warning of factionalism, the country would be divided by political parties arising out of the Northern and Southern states of the union. By the time Walt Whitman wrote â€Å"Songs of Myself† in 1855, tensions in the United States created by factionalism were at a high and were constantly elevating. In writing â€Å"Songs of Myself†, Whitman sought to help mend some of the wounds created by factionalism by seeking to bring together Americans whom factionalism ha d rendered alien to one another and by teaching to believe in oneself rather than the beliefs of political parties. When Washington wrote his Farewell Address, he had already made the decision to retire from his job as president and return to his home on Mount Vernon. No longer was he concerned with making a future for the country. Instead he was concerned with offering the parting advice of an â€Å"old and affectionate friend†. Washington offered his advice on a number of different topics, but the most relevant topic to politicsShow MoreRelatedGeorge Washington s Farewell Address Essay1258 Words   |  6 PagesChase Williams US History to 1865 Dr. Lisa Crutchfield October 14, 2015 George Washington s Farewell Address, Primary Source Analysis George Washington’s Presidential Farewell Address consisted of three critical elements that were considered vital for the functional survival of the country that had just won its independence. On September 19, 1796, President Washington advised the nation to stand together as one united country, warned the people about the dangers of political parties and heRead MoreGeorge Washington s Farewell Address Essay1884 Words   |  8 Pages1796 that George Washington gave his â€Å"Farewell Address.† This profoundly important message is still read each year in the Senate. On September 19, 1796, US President George Washington published his Farewell Address to the nation of citizens. 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From Washington s perspective andRead MoreAnalysis Of George Washington s Farewell Address1009 Words   |  5 PagesProblem: In 1789 George Washington’s Farewell Address contained one major piece of advice to the county regarding relations with other nations: â€Å"avoid entangling alliances.† Those words shaped United States foreign policy for more than a century (Policy Making, American Govern ment). Today some Americans think that Washington’s words are still wise ones, and that the United States (U.S.) should withdraw from world affairs whenever possible. In truth, however, the United States has been embroiledRead MoreAnalysis Of George Washington s Farewell Address954 Words   |  4 PagesThe document, George Washington, Farewell Address, was a letter written to the citizens of the United States of America. It allowed outgoing President Washington to give advice on how to maintain the nation after he was gone. 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This idea stemming from George Washington’s Farewell Address to â€Å"avoid entangling alliances† became the foundation for American seclusion and detachment, a policy which resulted in this country being able to overcome tremendous internal difficulties facing the rising, fast-changing state of America. The Manifest Destiny enlargedRead MoreGeorge Washington Farewell Address Essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Washington, a very famous man known as the first President of the United States of America, was born on the 22nd of February, 1732 in the colony of Bridges Creek, Virginia. (George Presidential Early Life sec.1 para.3) He was born into a wealthy, land-owning family and was a very political individual. Washington served as a Major in the Virginia militia and also fought in the French and Indian War from 1754 to 1763. In addition, Washington became a represen tative of the Virginia legislatureRead MoreThe Farewell Address Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Washington, a very famous man known as the first president of The United States of America was born on the 22nd of February in 1732 in Bridges Creek, a colony in Virginia. He was born into a wealthy, land-owning family and was a very political individual. George served as a major in the Virginia militia and also fought in the French and Indian War that occurred from 1754 to 1763. In addition, Washington became a representative of the Virginia Legislature where he was titled a commissionerRead MoreWashington s Farewell Address Analysis1375 Words   |  6 Pages Washington’s Farewell Address Analysis Jennifer Trammell GOVT 200 – C04 Instructor Barber Opening statement Washington’s Farewell Address The major document we will be analyzing in this paper is George Washington’s â€Å"Farewell Address†. This was a very important document of its time and in order to analyze it fully it would be helpful to know a little more insight on the writing of and the reason it was written. Who is George Washington? George Washington was born in 1732, he grew up

Edward Jenner and the Discovery of Vaccines Essay - 755 Words

Edward Jenner and the Discovery of Vaccines Edward Jenner (1749-1823) trained in London, under John Hunter, and was an army surgeon for a period of time. After that, he spent his whole career as a country doctor in his home county, Gloucestershire (West of England). His research was based on careful case studies and clinical observation more than a hundred years before scientists could explain what viruses and diseases actually were. His innovative new method was successful to such an extent that by 1840 the British government had banned alternative preventive treatments against smallpox. [IMAGE] His invention of vaccination against smallpox was the medical breakthrough that saved the†¦show more content†¦He inoculated by taking a very small quantity of fluid from an unripe smallpox pustule, on the point of a lancet, and inserting it between the outer and inner layers of the skin of the upper arm without drawing blood. He did not use a bandage to cover the incision. Jenner had always been fascinated by the rural old wives tale that milkmaids could not get smallpox. He believed that there was a connection between the fact that milkmaids only got a weak version of smallpox (the non-life threatening cowpox) but did not get the strong version, smallpox itself. A milkmaid who caught cowpox got blisters on her hands and Jenner concluded that it must be the pus in the blisters that somehow protected the milkmaids. Jenner began to inoculate against smallpox using Suttons method, but he soon found some patients to be completely resistant to the disease. Upon investigation, he found that these patients had previously had cowpox. Jenner concluded that cowpox not only protected against smallpox, but also could be transferred from one human being to another as a deliberate mechanism of protection. As early as 1780 Jenner learned that the eruptions of the teats of infected cows differed. All were called cowpox and all could be transferred to the hands of the milkmaids, but only one kind created a resistance to smallpox. He called this type true cowpox. Jenner discovered thatShow MoreRelatedThe Epidemic Of Smallpox During The Middle Ages866 Words   |  4 Pageshealth care. English Physician and Scientist Edward Jenner, a small country doctor, who is well known around the world for his innovative contribution to immunization and the ultimate eradication of smallpox. (2005, Baylor University Medical Center.) It is believed that smallpox appeared around 10,000 B.C. Smallpox was introduced to Europe sometime between the fifth and seventh centuries and was frequently epidemic during the Middle Ages. Edward Jenner was born on May 17, 1749, in Berkeley, GloucestershireRead MoreIndividuals and Their Discoveries Are Not Enough to Bring Medical Progress. Explain How Far This Statemen t Applies to Jenner and His Work721 Words   |  3 PagesIndividuals and their discoveries are not enough on their own to bring medical progress. Explain how far this statement applies to Jenner and his work. Jenner’s discovery of the link between cowpox and smallpox was significant to the development of a vaccine for smallpox. However, it can be argued that Jenner and his discovery were not enough on their own to bring medical progress. The factors Scientific thinking, Government Communication and Changing attitudes played a major and important roleRead MoreDiscovery And Turning Point Of The Industrial Revolution1071 Words   |  5 Pagesprogress, new discoveries concerning medicine would have to be made. One salient discovery and turning point of the industrial revolution was the inauguration of the vaccine. While they have benefited human beings for over two centuries, the adventure to advantageous vaccines has been neither orderly nor undeviating. This can be discerned in the developments of Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur, religious controversy, and modern outcome. The story of vaccination began with Edward Jenner, — a doctorRead MorePasteur s Work Into Motion796 Words   |  4 PagesVaccines Louis Pasteur was a French 19th century scientist, chemist, physicist, philosopher, microbiologist, father of pasteurization, and towards the latter part of his career became an immunologist. Though the immune system had barely even been discovered towards the end of the 19th century, Pasteur was able to develop vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies. Though he started out trying to discover what the culprit was to making livestock and dogs sick, he applied this knowledge andRead MoreThe First Major Discoveries That Laid The Foundation For Technological Advances During The World Of Vaccinations1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe first major discoveries that laid the foundation for technological advances in the world of vaccinations were that of Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur. In 1796, Jenner took on smallpox. He had been informed that milkmaids seemed to be immune to the disease, however, upon further inspection he realized that the women all had a lesser form of smallpox, ca lled cowpox, on their hands. He began to theorize that cowpox played a role as to why the women never contracted the deadly disease. To test hisRead MoreThe Historical Events Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1595 Words   |  7 PagesFrankenstein says, â€Å"None but those who have experienced them can conceive the enticements of science. In other studies you go as far as others have gone before you, and there is no more to know; but in a scientific pursuit there is continual food for discovery and wonder† (Shelley 45). Shelley also explores the negative side of innovation by the perversion of the creature that Frankenstein spent hours poring over. Frankenstein was disappointed and terrified by the way his creature did not follow the planRead MoreVaccines : Defense Against Disease Or Illness?1657 Words   |  7 PagesVaccines: Defense Against Disease or Initiators of Illness? Human beings are not invincible, for they are susceptible to things such as sickness, disease, and death. Throughout the years, humans have faced numerous outbreaks of different illnesses. In response to such outbreaks, people searched for ways to protect themselves. One protection method was vaccination. The creation of the first vaccine, the further development of common vaccinations, and the varied responses to vaccination have greatlyRead MoreDifferences Between Cultures And Cultures Of Europe2036 Words   |  9 PagesGregor Mendel, from the Czech Republic. However in this paper, just a few out of the abundant selections of biologists from Europe will be discussed and compared. Their cultures, identities, and education have all influenced a different array of discoveries and successes that have opened the door for scientists today to follow in their footsteps and add on to their theories. During the time that the scientists being discussed lived, Europe was undergoing a fundamental change. During the 18th and 19thRead MoreVaccinations Of The Smallpox Vaccine1687 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduced in the late 18th century by Edward Jenner. He injected a small amount of cowpox in a thirteen year-old boy to demonstrate the effectiveness it had against smallpox, resulting in the development of the first smallpox vaccine in 1798. Because of his discovery, Jenner contributed to the overall annihilation of the disease in 1979 after the vaccine was implemented in different medicines throughout the world (source). Following Jenner, many others produced vaccines to help reduce the fatalities ofRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Smallpox Vaccine943 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduced, new discoveries were brought to their attention, remedies was in the spotlight, and the start of women’s professions generated. Vaccines are the most successful strategies in medicine to prevent and even eliminate the most gruesome and contagious diseases. For centuries, smallpox traumatized the human race. Today, smallpox is not something we automatically think of when somebody gets a rash or have the chills, thanks to Edward Jenner. The first successful smallpox vaccine was introduced

Lao-tzu Taoism and Moral Philosophy Free Essays

Lao-tzu Believed in Tao Te Ching: The way things are The Tao is the way, law, principle. Essence, balance of nature 1. The Tao escapes precise definition 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Lao-tzu: Taoism and Moral Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tao is intangible, it’s energy 3. Tao is powerful, humans are weak 4. Radical Naturalism Tao is a force of nature not a force of spirit * Art over science art is wiser, deeper * Intuition over logic * Nature over society. Social Pessimism (Escapism) Every society is corrupted bureaucracy society restricts you gives you an artificial life 5. Structure of the Tao Yin: female slow dark night passive intuitive earth Yang: male fast bright day aggressive logical sky Yin and Yang are immortals they have a love/ have relationship each person has yin and yang 6. The wu-wei: non-action, respect to the flow of time, the art of waiting. Opposite of confusious Buddha Buddha is a spiritualist, a prince, gifted 1. Darhma (The teaching) -what is the meaning of human life? Dukkha: suffering, fight, struggle, competition – Why do we inflict upon ourselves unnecessary suffering? Tanha: egotism, selfishness, Trrisha: greed, addiction to pleasure Hudonism: seeking pleasure over pain. Seeking pleasure is a very sophisticated trap any addiction Is loss of freedom. You become a slave of your pleasure – What to do? Anatta: abstinence, restrained. No to any excessive pleasure. The art of no. – What is the goal? Anicca: liberation from addiction 2. The eight fold Noble Path: – Panna: wisdom 1. Understanding 2. Purpose – sila : conflict 3. Speech 4. Behavior Five moral rules: do not kill, steal, adultry, drugs, gossips Have consistancy in your morality, hypocracy corrupts you, don’t live a double life, fake identity Steps 1-5 are for normal people 6-8 are for monks or nuns – Samadhi: Contemplation 6. Effort you control your body, physical needs, tell body when to sleep and eat 7. houghtfulness control your emotions 8. Dhayana: deep meditation: control your mind. 3. Karma 3 types of karma * Sabija Karma: my birth karma. Born with culture in sould, reincarnation 4. Nirvana: Two kingdoms of reality Samsava: kingdom of pleasure, shallow Alaya Vijhara: The Kingdom of internal ideas, deep Nirvana: the state of et ernal spiritual bliss Protageras: He was king of sophists in athens. Sophist: pofessional teacher 1. Panton anttropas metron : man is the measure of all things 2. Subjectivism: there is no objective truth, every truth is somebody’s truth, or has its face 3. Relativism: as many people as many truths, they are all equal. Accepting diversity 4. Pragmatism: truth has to be helpful, practical, useful 5. Conventionalism: truth is what we have agreed upon (sometimes silently) Ex: cultural expectations, gender roles 6. Conformism: truth of the majority has to be respected by the minorities 7. Tolerance: The truth of the minority has to be tolerated by the majority He reminds me of president obama because his ideas reflect democratic beliefs. Socrates: 1. Choti Seanton: Know Yourself We humans are animals + Animals + psyche : ( soul) Care for your soul Soul = my self reflection We are reflective animals To reflect = to have knowledge ‘I know that I know nothing’ â€Å"a life unexamined is not worth living† 2. Epistemology (4 principles) Define the basic concepts as clear as you can, avoid misunderstandings Don’t be afraid of intellectual contradictions, diversity in opinions Socratic irony, don’t lose your sense of humor, don’t take yourself so seriously Only god knows the absolute truth, our human truth is limited Protageras: absolute truth doesn’t exist Socrates: absolute truth exits but only god knows 3. Moral Philosophy The essence of morality is to teach us arete: virtue, skills Perfect your skills, perectionism Its better to not be committed than to have a loose commitment Skills =knowledge Life-long education, ignorance is the mother of all evil 4. The idea of god God is the one, god is the absolute wisdom God is my moral vocation God is the voice of my conscience He believes in one god, god speaks to us from inside Find god through self reflection Plato Rich talented, student of socrates 1. Ontology What is the structure of reality? Being: essence deep form logical traditional moral spiritual eternal Becoming: surface, shallow, content, fashionable immoral material temporary What is the structure of being? Being consists of eidoses Eidos: spiritual form, intellectual bluepring , the law, the mold, the model Anything that exists physically has an eidos, it creates each specific physical ting Invention does not exist: discovery, before discovery eidos exists but its like a cold sun without rays The eidos of eidoses is goodness 2. Epistemelogy Levels:RealityKnowledge 1. Fake images illusions, kingdom of the stupid, wild imagination 2. Physcial things, kingdom of the everyday life, practical common sense 3. Low level idoses, kingdom of the professional, professional analytic mind 4. High eidoses, (love, justice, forgiveness) kingdom of the genius, the intellectual intuition of the genius 1 and 2 is becoming 3 and 4 is being 1 is artificial life, building a bubble around yourself 2. Practical things know how to take care of yourself 3. Professional knowledge become an expert in a subject need an analytical mind 4. Very few geniuses, best of the best, shakespeare, einstein, mozart. Have a gift from god or not, only males are geniuses, women are naturally born with common sens e and to become a genius you have to kill your common sense, every genius is a madman 3. Moral Philosophy To be moral means to have a arete: virture The fear of social change, social disorder, social chaos. Arete = not so much perfection but discipline, obedience, good organization, loyalty Plato supports closed social classes doesn’t like social mobility, caste system 4. Hates democracy. Problems are: phony promises of politicians, equal political rights for unequally educated people, excessive freedoms result is anarchy and tyranny he wants aristocratic republic Reminds me of hitler Aristotle Platos student 1. Ontology The kingdom of eidoses doesn’t exist, only nature does exist. Nature is a sum total of physical things Every physical thing consists of hyle: body, matter and telos: form Telos not so much outer form but an inner form the potential of the thing its prgram Dna ex: potential of talent God is the telos of nature when you die your telos dies god and nature coexist eternally 2. Eistemology Using observation and experimentation collect all relevant facts, using analysis, find out the laws of those facts, using logic, combine these laws into a comprehensive theory Scientific theory ^^ 3. Moral Philosophy Nicomachagu Ethics : Eudaimonia: noble destiny, fulfilling duty Sophro syhe: moderation Have good taste keep the mean, be a gentleman Fulfill your telos he believes all of us have gifts a duty to fulfill your gift, work hard we each have gifts to different degrees Don’t betray yourself (lie, cheat) Every betrayal starts as self betrayal you destroy yourself and then destroy everyone around you Honesty and integrity Obstacles: don’t underestimate them but don’t overestimate them Pleasure: not the goal of your activity but a by product Build your character its better to be always bad then unpridictable either be always bad or always bood Friendship: be a good loyal friend 4. Political Philosophy Democracy is the best regime Democracy is the power of middle class The middle class is the foundation of the healthy society How to cite Lao-tzu: Taoism and Moral Philosophy, Essay examples

Call Of The Wild Essay Example For Students

Call Of The Wild Essay The story first brings us to San Paolo,California.Buck the familys dog is living the high life.His owner treats him the best out of all the dogs.The butler is a bad guy.He takes Buck to a train going to Washington.From there on he rides on a ship to Alaska.On the voyage there he gets taught the law of the club. When he gets there he finds it quite odd to see white everywhere.He has never seen snow before.He gets bought by Francois and Hans.They must get mail to the area where the gold rush is.On teh way there he fights for survival.The way there is over 800 miles.He gets very bad blisters on his feet.That slows him down so he is literally getting dragged along in his harness that is strapped to him.The leader of the sled is always attacking the other dogs .When they let the dogs run around for a while he and the other dog get in a fight to the death.The other dogs surround them in a circle Buck breaks both of his legs and tears his throat open.Buck becomes the new leaderThere he learns to survive on his own.5 dogs die on the way there.He eventually arrives in the gold rush area.He gets sold to a group of germans back down to Anchorage.They are very unskilled they try to kill him but a man named Gerald saves him.They get attacked by a group of Indians.Gerald dies.Buck becomes the dominant ma le in a wolf-pack.The Indians start to notice a change in the wolves.They called Buck the Ghost WolfWords/ Pages : 275 / 24 Buck would take long peaceful walks with the Judges daughters; he would go hunting with the Judges sons; he would carry the Judges grandsons on his backs and roll them in the grass. Buck who had been treated fairly and justly throughout his life, had a carefreee personality and was very trusting of both humans and animals. Essentially, Buck was like an emperor that reigned over the Judges estate, leading a very gracious life. As the story progresses, Bucks personality shows a flaw after he trusts Manuel, a worker on Judge Millers estate who has a weakness for gambling and owes many debts. Manuel kidnaps Buck and sells him to pay off a debt. Bucks trustworthy nature changes as soon as he is beaten and is not fed or allowed to drink water. When Buck arrives in Seattle he is almost beaten to death by the man in the red sweater. He saw, once for all, that he stood no chance against a man with a club. (Call of the Wild, page 19). Buck learns from this horrible incident the law of the club. The law of the club states that a dog is no match for a man with a weapon. Buck witnesses as his newly-made friend named Curly is torn to pieces by thirty or forty huskies after she falls to the ground from fighting. Buck is taught the law of the fang from Curlys death scene. The law of the fang recognizes the fact that once a dog falls to the ground he is dead. In the north, Buck learns many traits that will help him journey through the north in order to survive. Buck learns that he has to eat his food quickly in order to not have it stolen; he learns to steal food to survive, because the daily ration cannot fill his stomach; he learns to break the ice out from his toes; and finally Buck learns that in order to stay warm during the harsh, freezing nights, he has to make a nest to sleep in. Because Buck learns these new secrets of the sled dogs, he is able to survive in the north and to maintain his position as lead sled dog. As the novel comes to a conclusion, Buck has been a sled dog for many different owners, all of a certain caliber, and he is becoming more in touch with his ancestral way of life and his primordial self. To begin with, Buck begins having dreams about a hairy man who is described to look like a cave man. Far more potent were the memories of his heredity that gave things he had never seen before a seeming familiarity; the instincts which had lapsed in later days, and still later, in him, quickened and became alive again. (Call of the Wild, page 45). .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870 , .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870 .postImageUrl , .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870 , .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870:hover , .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870:visited , .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870:active { border:0!important; } .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870:active , .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870 .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4e25c411d6c46c8c2872aaf921db8870:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Birling Family Essay PaperAnother primordial aspect which he is now in touch with, is the call. The call is something that drives Buck away from his masters, from civilization. When Buck is with a master named John Thornton, he frequently spends time out in the wild seeing a wolf that is shy and hunting large game to feed his unending hunger. Buck later comes back to his masters camp and finds his favorite master dead. He is in a rage of fury and kills the Indians that killed his master. That is perhaps, when he leaves civilization and becomes a truly wild animal. In addition to killing the Indians, he meets a wolf pack and kills several of the wolves to prove that he is worthy enough to be in the pack. To sum it up, Bucks last thread of humanity and civilization is cut and he is now truly a wild beast. In conclusion, clearly it is visible to see that because of the events in Bucks life, he transforms from a domesticated, family pet to a primordial, wild beast. Buck begins his life as a pampered king who rules over all, and trusts every human that he knows, because he has been treated fairly throughout his life. As his life progress he is learning how to be a sled dog, and has to quarrel with other dogs to maintain his position as lead sled dog. Near the end of Bucks life he has become a primitive beast, and is the leader of a wolf pack. This book has shown me a great deal about life, and how something, or someone can change greatly over time. This book has made me contemplate more about the question about whether a dog could actually have these feelings toward humans and life. Jack Londons book is truly a masterpiece, and I will remember this book throughout my life.

A Close Reading of Robinson Crusoe, by Daniel Defoe Essay Example

A Close Reading of Robinson Crusoe, by Daniel Defoe Essay Within this passage, Crusoe rationalizes his blessings from God in a way that shows the depth of his own hypocrisy and selfishness. This is significant because it represents the climax of Crusoes behavior and beliefs before truly turning to God. He shows his selfishness and hypocrisy in many ways, for example, he refers to himself in many titles representing a hierarchal order of his island. He chastises those who are discontented, and he shows his true colors by only seeing his good fortune by others misfortune. These gestures of faith are only seen as whole hearted if taken out of context, but within the realm of the whole novel this passages represents hypocrisy and selfishness, and also signifies the progression of man in the midst of hardship. I was the Lord of the whole Manor; or if I pleasd, I might call my self King or Emperor over the whole Country which I had Possession of (Defoe 94). This quote represents the mentality that Crusoe had on his island. Using these titles, Crusoe sets up the hierarchal order. Here he is stranded on an island and has established an order of which he is in charge. It seems that he has forgotten about the first ruler of the island which is God. He asserts himself in the very beginning and sets up this belief of control. Within the context of the whole novel, this sense of being a ruler of himself is quite ironic, considering the inability to control the situations he seems to fall into. We will write a custom essay sample on A Close Reading of Robinson Crusoe, by Daniel Defoe specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Close Reading of Robinson Crusoe, by Daniel Defoe specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Close Reading of Robinson Crusoe, by Daniel Defoe specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Defoe creates a Pascals Wager(er) out of Crusoe in this passage. He is wishy-washy in his beliefs. Crusoe believes himself king and Lord of the island and within a few lines he is chastising those who can not admird the Hand of Gods Providence (Defoe,95). It seems that at a last minute, ditch effort in case God is listening, to be on the safe side, Crusoe feels he had better mention the good will of God, in case God might strike him down or another disaster will befall him. The reason it seems so insincere is due to the positioning of the glorification. It is between Crusoes belief of himself as ruler and the reflection on why Crusoe is better off than most. Another reason this criticism is so ironic is, Crusoe was complaining of the uselessness of his excess and That I would have given a Handful of it for a Gross of Tobacco-Pipes or for a Hand-Mill to grind my Corn; (Defoe, 94). Here he is doing exactly what he preaches against. He can not be happy with what God has provided. This i s one reason why his praise to God seems so half-hearted. This is significant because Defoe is showing the fragile belief in God; Crusoe is only basing his thankfulness on the material items he received off the boat and on the island and how these material goods are the bright side, and show Gods love. Defoe emphasizes the hypocrisies and selfishness to show the transformation Crusoe will go through in his faith: I had livd a dreadful Life, perfectly destitute of the Knowledge and Fear of GodI never had once the Word Thank God, so much as on my Mind, or in my Mouth; not in the greatest Distress, had I so much as a Thought to pray to him, or so much as to say Lord have Mercy upon me; no nor to mention the Name of God, unless it was to swear by, and blaspheme it. (96) This excerpt seems to hit the nail on the head. Crusoe finally realizes his belief in God was false. In conclusion, Crusoes rationalization of material gain and Gods love demonstrates the depth of his own hypocrisy and selfishness. This overall belief is the climax of Crusoes behavior and beliefs before truly turning to God. Defoe had to highlight this pathetic belief system to emphasize Crusoes epiphany, which signifies the progression of man in the midst of hardship.

Free Essays on Myocardial Infarction

The heart is arguably the most vital organ in the human body. What happens when the heart muscle begins to die? A myocardial infarction (or heart attack) is the death of a part of the heart muscle due to its sudden loss of blood supply. What causes this sudden loss of blood supply? What is reperfusion? What is a PTCA? What causes the heart muscle to lose its blood supply? Usually, the loss of the heart’s blood supply is caused by the total blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot on a cholesterol plaque in the artery. Cholesterol is a fatty chemical which is a part of the outer lining of cells in the body. Cholesterol plaque is the formation of a hard substance within the walls of the artery caused by deposits of cholesterol over time. This process begins while a person is in their teenage years. If a person begins eating unhealthy foods at a young age, he or she will be prone to a heart attack at a later age. What is reperfusion? Reperfusion is the main goal in treating heart attack victims. The chance of survival increase the sooner reperfusion is established. This process restores blood flow to the heart muscle. Once blood flow is restored, the patient becomes pain free. If done soon enough, the amount of damage to the organ is minimized and the pumping of the muscle is preserved. Optimal benefit is reached if reperfusion can be attained between 4 and 6 hours after the attack. The most common method of reaching reperfusion is by performing a PTCA. The most direct method of opening a blocked artery is to perform an immediate coronary angiogram and PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty). A tiny plastic catheter with a small balloon at the end is advanced into the artery. It is moved up to the blockage point and is inflated thus pushing the clot and plaque out of the way. This process can be up to 95% effective within the first 60 minutes. This process also allows testing of the status of... Free Essays on Myocardial Infarction Free Essays on Myocardial Infarction The heart is arguably the most vital organ in the human body. What happens when the heart muscle begins to die? A myocardial infarction (or heart attack) is the death of a part of the heart muscle due to its sudden loss of blood supply. What causes this sudden loss of blood supply? What is reperfusion? What is a PTCA? What causes the heart muscle to lose its blood supply? Usually, the loss of the heart’s blood supply is caused by the total blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot on a cholesterol plaque in the artery. Cholesterol is a fatty chemical which is a part of the outer lining of cells in the body. Cholesterol plaque is the formation of a hard substance within the walls of the artery caused by deposits of cholesterol over time. This process begins while a person is in their teenage years. If a person begins eating unhealthy foods at a young age, he or she will be prone to a heart attack at a later age. What is reperfusion? Reperfusion is the main goal in treating heart attack victims. The chance of survival increase the sooner reperfusion is established. This process restores blood flow to the heart muscle. Once blood flow is restored, the patient becomes pain free. If done soon enough, the amount of damage to the organ is minimized and the pumping of the muscle is preserved. Optimal benefit is reached if reperfusion can be attained between 4 and 6 hours after the attack. The most common method of reaching reperfusion is by performing a PTCA. The most direct method of opening a blocked artery is to perform an immediate coronary angiogram and PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty). A tiny plastic catheter with a small balloon at the end is advanced into the artery. It is moved up to the blockage point and is inflated thus pushing the clot and plaque out of the way. This process can be up to 95% effective within the first 60 minutes. This process also allows testing of the status of...

Asian Theatre and Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Asian Theatre and Drama - Essay Example Decked up with a number of psychological and social issues, the play brought a remarkable fame to Tagore not only within the nation but across the globe as well. The combination of pathos and the humor operating hand-in-hand within the plot of the play enables a huge scope for a prolific presentation of the play on stage. Owing to this scope, a lot of modernization and improvisations have been incorporated within the plot of the original text while performance by various dramatists. PETA’s Ang Post Office which was performed in the 4th Day of the month of September in 2010, Directed by Grady Labad and Dramaturgy framed by Rustom Bharucha and the adaptation was done by Rody Vera. The entire play gives a different dimension to the language of humanity but the presentation of the ending scene, where the protagonist Amal is lying on the bed dying builds a spectacle unforgettable. The light, sound and action of the characters the moving of the bed, and the association of all the ch aracters on stage transformed the macabre of death into a panorama worth viewing that has the strength to percolate through the mundane inhibitions and comprehension of human mind and transport the audience into some space belonging to cosmic realm . Thesis Statement This essay intends to focus on the ending scene of the performance of Tagore’s ‘Post Office’ by PETA and the intensity of its presentation through which the group is able to take the viewers on a cosmic ride almost. Before analyzing the ending scene of the PETA’s ‘Post Office’ performance, it is very eventual to introspect into the original text from which the play has actually evolved; its themes, motif and most importantly a thorough judgment of its backdrop and context should also taken into consideration. Tagore’s ‘Post Office’ is a play from the pantheon of symbolic theatre. One can trace another plot running through the main plot of the play which is allegorical nature. The allegory inherent in the play, ‘Post Office’ by Tagore les at the pivotal motif of the play or the most potent theme considered. Illusion and reality at the end of the world and the eternal battle of life and death is the crux of the play. Tagore’s own fascination for the mysticism associated with death and life after death actually glossed the play, ‘Post Office’. Tagore’s idealism for the spiritual death finds profound expression through t he presentation of Post Office. The dynamics of skepticism regarding the physical and spiritual death all through his life gets a proper expression in the play, ‘Post Office’. Amal dies a physical death, but his physical death is not his actual death. Amal seems to die, but his physical extinction does not lead an end to life’s unceasing voyages2. The village doctor was about to maltreat and put him to death, but Amal feels that when a patient is visited by the royal physician, then no one can fall into the clutches of death so easily. Through the fabric of metaphors Amal awaits the King’s letter to come to him directly pondering upon the window through which he can see the Post Office. The door or the route to the endless road opens at the closing scene of the play. The royal physician himself brings the message for Amal, but the message of emancipation from the hands of the royal physicia

Market Model Patterns of Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Market Model Patterns of Change - Essay Example This paper aptly examines the patterns of change in the Wal-Mart market model. Wal-Mart is a perfect example of a business operating in an oligopolistic market structure. This is because they have low prices in the market enabling them compete healthily with other businesses dealing in similar products/services. Secondly, Wal-Mart operates with fewer sellers in the market giving them mutual interdependence over the other firms in the business. The long term effect of Wal-Mart operating an oligopoly will result to rise of economies of scale.This is because they will take advantage of having been in the markets to put barriers to other business wishing to join the business. Secondly, Operating under oligopoly market structure, Wal-Mart may collude to form a monopoly form of market structure, therefore, dictating their terms in the market. As a short term effect, Wal-Mart will be forced to renew their strategies of working because they will be facing different competitors in the market (Roberts & Berg, 2012). Secondly, Wal-Mart will enjoy controlling its market share for short period of time, but because the market is free for other to join, they will soon lose their popularity in the market as new firm producing same products will be cropping up to share the market it enjoyed. An example is that today, Wal-Mart may holds a substantial share in the market by its products but the case will be different in a year or two because there will be other new companies providing same products and at even better quality. There are various factors affecting the degree of competiveness of Wal-Mart. They involve both internal, external and delegations and functions of the management. The productive measures affecting Wal-Mart competitiveness is their capability in retailing. The business has various stores situated in various strategic places. These stores seek their profits by retailing their products through high volumes and using low mark-ups to give them a competitive advan tage over other business dealing in the same line of products. Secondly, Wal-Mart achieves their competitiveness owing to their standardized pallets, tight delivery schedules and computerized tracking. This has given them an edge over many businesses dealing in the same line since they are not in a position to raise enough capital to ensure efficiency in the systems. They are also able to use their technology as a source of marketing, therefore, minimize on their revenue spending. Thirdly, Wal-Mart prices play a significant role in influencing their activities and encouraging their competitiveness to other businesses. This is because it is an economy of scale, therefore, they purchase raw materials at a much cheaper price compared to other businesses that are not yet economies of scale. They also distribute their stock to a large numbers of stalls located strategically hence minimizing cost related to transport and other related activities. Being an economy of scale, Wal-Mart is off ering prices for its products that cannot rejected by the customers and in the process enjoys a large customer base for their products/services (Dunne, 2011). An accurate price determination of Wal-Mart’s competitors will significantly influence pricing decisions in Wal-Mart. The two chief competitors of Wal-Mart include

Ugandan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

Ugandan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) A social analysis of the current Ugandan poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP), known as the poverty eradication action plan (PEAP, 2004/5-2007/8) Introduction Uganda, with the help of a number of international organisations, has created a poverty reduction plan known as the PEAP. This project began in 1995, but came intro fruition around 1997. The goal of the PEAP is to reduce poverty from 44% in 1997 to 10% in 2017 (World Bank Group, 2008). This policy was created in order for Uganda to be eligible for financial aid from the World Bank and IMF under the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative (Gariyo, 2001, p. 2). The aim of this essay is to critically examine the recent progress of the PEAP from the relevant documents. This includes examining the PEAP itself from 2004/5-2007/8 as well as look at the poverty assessment projects that have been taking place. The three main issues in this subject are how the plan deals with the concept of poverty, how the poverty assessments are reflected in the PEAP, and the way in which the PEAP has addressed gender issues amongst the poor in Uganda. The objective is to provide a critical analysis of the current situation within Uganda with regards to PEAP, and how effective this plan has been at reducing poverty. Concept of Poverty in the PEAP The concept of poverty within the PEAP has changed since its initial introduction. The original drafts of the plan were focused upon state-led rural development. The plan was then revised and it was decided to concentrate more on social issues. The PEAP plan looks at poverty as primarily being about the issues of economic development, business competitiveness and market growth (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2005, p. 16). The main measures of poverty within the PEAP are household expenditure and income, and when this falls below a certain level a person or family is considered poor. This poverty line is quite simplistic, but also absolute, as it represents the level needed to secure basic food and other needs. The gap between incomes is also measured to look at inequality within society (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2005, p. 38). The poor in Uganda are also identified as those who have problems of regional inequality, with those in the North and rural areas being worse off than those in the Central and urban areas. The study also identified that female-head households of widowed or absent husband families are poorer. The issue is whether or not this definition of poverty is accurate or correct for the region, as this will obviously affect the success of the policies. Targeting the wrong groups of people or introducing measures that do not really address the issues of poverty in Uganda will not reduce real poverty. There are those that argue just taking into account consumption and income is not enough to determine poverty and that basic needs and rights need to be taken into account (Kingdon and Knight, 2004, pp. 1-3). However, the situation in Uganda means that the issue of consumption equates to the provision of basic needs. There is a definite cut off between consumption and being able to afford basic food and other amenities. In this case, the measure of income and consumption is adequate. However, the factor that is not taken into account as much within the PEAP seems to security. This is often more of a subjective view than something that can be identified with quantitative data. The security of people within society and their feelings about their situations are crucial to their ability to move out of poverty and improve their lives. The problem with the PEAP view of poverty is that it is perhaps too narrow with regards to the full view of poverty. Whilst it includes issues of consumptio n and income and indeed social functionality, it leaves out some of the elements of security. It could be argued that the appeal to empowerment for women and other people is to do with feelings and security, but perhaps it is not enough (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2005, p. 55). The results of the study seem to suggest as such. Whilst economic growth has improved and poverty head count has been reduced since 1997, the factors of inequality have risen since 2003. In the North the affects of the PEAP policy have been limited because of a lack of security regarding land and the ability for people to move into new industries easily. Therefore, it can be said that whilst the income and consumption indicators of poverty have improved, it is not certain whether this has actually alleviated poverty because the issues of security and the opinions of the poor seemingly have not been taken into account fully. However, more about this will be discussed in the next section – looking at how the poverty analysis is involved within the PEAP. The ana lysis PPA will be crucial as to whether or not the lack of emphasis on well-being has altered the effectiveness of the PEAP. There is some evidence however to support this less complex and subjective analysis of the status of poverty in Uganda. McGee (2004, pp. 517-521) showed that contradictions and arguments with regards to what is exactly happening to poverty in Uganda is unhelpful. Instead, a less oppositional approach is better, with a focus on the income and consumption of those in Uganda. This may not be the most accurate measure of poverty, but it is an effective and productive way to produce policies that will have a positive impact on the economy and therefore alleviate poverty. However, poverty assessments carried out as part of the World Bank strategy have shown that many of these assessments, including those of Uganda, put too much emphasis on increasing income and investment. These policies are weak in addressing the real causes of poverty such as social inequality, and ignore issues of politics and history. Therefore, it must be said that whilst Uganda is one of the more thorough nations with regards to its assessments, it still lacks a subjective view and focuses too much on income issues rather than looking at the root causes of poverty (Hammer, Pyatt and White, 1999, pp. 819-821). Despite this and the concerns that too much emphasis on investment and improved income will not result in a reduction in poverty, the results initially seem good. A study by Nkusu (2004) shows that an emphasis on investment, aid and income factors has led to a much healthier economy and structural reforms that have reduced poverty overall. However, it is still unclear as to weather these policies are taking into account the results shown in the participatory poverty analysis. The next section will examine how the PEAP uses these analyses within its policies, and how effective this usage is. Participatory poverty analysis in the PEAP It seems that whilst the original PEAP was endorsed and approved by the IMS for its effectiveness at sticking to the principles of participation, in recent years the plan has somewhat moved away from the original focus (Canagarajah and van Diesen, 2006, pp. 663-666). The World Bank and IMF understand the need to listen to the poor and their needs in order to solve problems of poverty. Without this, the root causes of poverty will not be found and despite economic growth the average poor person will not be better off as the rich will gain. The problem is not so much with the Ugandan policies but the limits put upon them by the World Bank and IMF. In order for these poor countries to receive the financial aid they need to progress, they must meet certain criteria for economic reforms set out by the IMF and World Bank. However, this essentially means the countries like Uganda have little say in the policies that need to be created in order for them to improve their economy. Therefore, the suggestion by the IMF and World Bank to listen to the poor is misleading. They have suggested this method in order to deflect attention from their conditions imposed on financial aid. This means that the participation of people in Uganda in the forming of policies is reduced, because the government must limit the information they are exposed to in order to make sure the policies are put in place to get aid and promote growth. This makes it harder for Uganda to listen to its people regarding policies that they would like to see to improve their living conditions (Rowden and Irama, 2004). The problem with these policies as outlined in the household surveys is that economic growth is not being shared amongst the people who need it, and instead poverty is increasing. The poverty rate is increasing because the economic growth in Uganda at this point favours the richer people and international community, thanks to the biased policies needed to get funding from the IMF and World Bank (Economic Policy Research Centre – Makerere University, 2003). There are some indications that the people within Uganda are being listened to when possible. Findings looking at groups of poor children in Uganda found that measures looking at just income and consumption were not enough, and so other methods were taken into consideration by asking those who were poor (UNESCO., 2005). The poverty assessment reports however show that despite the focus of the PEAP on economic growth, this is not the reason for increase poverty in Uganda. The poverty status report in 2003 shows that despite economic growth, people still remain below the poverty line. The main reasons for this are unequal economic growth, and a lack of security in areas such as Northern Uganda (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development 2003a, pp. 147-149). Whilst these issues are identified in the PEAP, the main focus of policy is still on economic growth, because this is the only way the economy can be improved through financial aid. However, there are areas within the poverty assessment reports that are being utilised by the PEAP. One of these areas is healthcare, which in the assessment reports is identified as a key area that leads to poverty, and that the more people that are poor the more that will need to be spent to maintain people’s health (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development 2002, pp. 101-105). The original poverty assessment report identified similar problems including issues of district divide, and the obstacles for people trying to improving their own lives (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development 2000). The PEAP looks at some of these issues and puts policies in place to address, particularly with regards to health. The PEAP has made an effort to focus on preventive measures of health care so that the poorest members of society have greater access to services so that they can be more productive (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, 2005, pp. 163-165). Despite this, the conclusions of the PEAP stick mainly to issues of economic growth rather than social problems. It is true that during the 1990s high economic growth resulted in a reduction in the amount of people under the poverty line. However, as the country has improved its services, the further economic growth has been hampered by the limits of policies demanded by the IMF and World Bank in order to meet aid conditions. This means the economic growth has been a means towards an end of gaining aid to increase growth rather than simply looking at the social factors affecting the poor (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, 2005, pp. 211.213). Gender Analysis in the PEAP Another issue that needs to be addressed is whether or not the PEAP is addressing issues of gender effectively. Gender is clearly a big issue in a country where female-run families are worse off than male-led families due to lack of opportunities and rights for women to improve their economic status. Initial findings suggest that although the poverty participation process involves looking at those who are marginalised within society due to gender or other issues, the analyses do not effectively discuss gender issues (Wordofa, 2004, pp. 68-71). A study by Zuckerman and Garrett (2003) found that many of these poverty assessment reports in various developing countries only addressed gender issues in a superficial manner. Uganda in fact would not use gendered participation within its original report research but would then try to aggregate gender back into the policies later on. This tactic results in policies that do not accurately address the true concerns and issues associated with gender in Uganda in terms of poverty (Zuckerman, and Garrett, 2003, pp. 6, 12). Common examples of this are looking at different households in terms of age, but not reflecting differences in consumption levels according to gender. This is particularly damaging for a country like Uganda where some of the poorest members of society are women. This means despite good economic growth, the needs of many of the poorest are not being dealt with. As Whitehead and Lockwood (1999, p. 14) show, the way in which the Uganda PEAP deals with women’s issues is very superficial. There is a section regarding women, but it is not linked into the rest of the policies in general making it an isolated and superfluous section of the document. However, this study was conducted in 1999 and since then the reports have been looked at more closely, with more emphasis on gender issues. Despite this, there still remains a level of isolation between these findings and the policies as a whole. Zuckerman (2002) shows that there is some progress being made with regards to this, and those early failings have been dealt with in some ways. The reports now have women actively participating in order to form policies that will help get them out of poverty. However, it is still shown that despite this participation, the gendered participation has not filtered through to the policies in the PEAP as a whole. The problem is that these views from different genders are then generalised when added to policy, and therefore have little effect on gender differences. If this participation is to work then there needs to be a greater effort to make distinct policies to address gender differences rather than re-aggregating into a generalised whole. Conclusion The Ugandan PEAP has certainly been one of the most successful of these types of poverty reduction scheme in terms of reducing the poverty indicators of poor income and high levels of consumption to income. This has meant that overall the economy is doing better in Uganda, and people have higher incomes than before. This however is too simple a definition of poverty, and other factors such as the feelings and well-being of the poor, security issues and social structures need to be taken into account. The PEAP has improved since its inception in the 1990’s in terms of recognising these issues, but the core policies have changed very little. The main focus of the PEAP is still to improve economic growth, for two main reasons. Firstly because this was a successful policy throughout the 1990’s in helping to reduce overall poverty, and secondly because such economic policies are required by the IMF and World Bank in order to Uganda to receive the aid it needs to progress. The improvements in participation have meant that PEAP documents now address issues of gender and empowerment. However, these issues are addressed in a superficial way and the voices of marginalised are not affecting policy change. This means that despite continued economic growth, the wealth divide has increased and the percentage of people in poverty has increased in recent years. The policies are helping those who are better off to increase their wealth rather than improving the opportunities for the poorest members of society. As pointed out in reports, the country is reaching its targets with regards to alleviating poverty in economic growth terms and structural reforms (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, 2003b). However, these targets are not reducing overall poverty because they are allowing the participation in policy making of marginalised groups. The chronically poor who need the most help most likely to stay poor, supporting the claim that these policies of economic growth are not helping reduce poverty in Uganda (Okidi, and Mugambe, 2002, pp. 2-4). Bibliography Canagarajah, S., and van Diesen, A., 2006. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Approach Six Years On: An Examination of Principles and Practice in Uganda. Development Policy Review, 24(6), pp. 647-667. Economic Policy Research Centre – Makerere University., 2003. Reports on Socio Economics and Labour Force. Uganda Bureau of Statistics. Available at: http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/survey%20documentation/unhsii/survey0/outputInformation/reports.html Gariyo, Z., 2001. Civil Society and Global Finance in Africa: The PRSP Process in Uganda. In Civil Society and Global Finance edited by Jan Scholte et al, 2001. Kingdon, G.G., and Knight, J., 2004. Subjective well-being poverty versus income poverty and capabilities poverty?. Global Policy Research Group. Available at: http://www.gprg.org/pubs/workingpapers/pdfs/gprg-wps-003.pdf Nakamatte, N., et al., 2002. UPPAP – Kimwanyi Site Report. Available at: http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/Kimwanyi%20site%20report%20Final%20Draft.pdf Nkusu, M., 2004. Financing Ugandas Poverty Reduction Strategy: Is Aid Causing More Pain Than Gain?. IMF Working Papers, 04/170. Okidi, J.A., and Mugambe, G.K., 2002. An Overview of Chronic Poverty and Development Policy in Uganda. Economic Policy Research Centre, Uganda. Available at: http://www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/11Okidi_Mugambe.pdf Rowden, R., and Irama, J.O., 2004. Rethinking Participation: Questions for Civil Society about the Limits of Participation in PRSPs. Civil Society Observer, 1(2), April 2004. Available at: http://www.actionaidusa.org/images/rethinking_participation_april04.pdf Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2000. Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Process. Available at: http://www.w1.co.ug/uppap/docs/National%20Report%20New%20Edition.pdf Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2002. Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Process – Deepening the Understanding of Poverty. Available at: http://www.w1.co.ug/uppap/docs/NationalRpt.pdf Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2003a. Uganda Poverty Status Report. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2003/cr03301.pdf Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2003b. Uganda’s Progress in Attaining the PEAP Targets in the Context of the Millennium Development Goals Background Paper for The Consultative Group Meeting. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/UGANDAEXTN/Resources/CG_2003_GoU_PEAP_targets.pdf Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2005. Uganda: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8). International Monetary Fund, August 2005. Available at: http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf UNESCO., 2005. Children in abject poverty in Uganda: A study of criteria and status of those in and out of school in selected districts in Uganda. Available at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001414/141482e.pdf Whitehead, A., and Lockwood, M., 1999. Gender in the World Bank’s Poverty Assessments: Six Case Studies from Sub-Saharan Africa. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Discussion Paper, 99 (June 1999). Wordofa, D., 2004. Poverty-reduction policy responses to gender and social diversity in Uganda. Gender and Development, 12(1), pp. 68-74. World Bank Group., 2008. Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP). (Online). Available at: http://go.worldbank.org/KG9Q84BQE0 (Accessed 30th June 2008). Zuckerman, E., 2002. ‘Engendering’ Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs): the issues and the challenges. Gender and Development, 10(3). Available at: http://www.genderaction.org/images/Oxfam%20GenderDevt%20Journal%20Article-EZ%20PRSPs.pdf Zuckerman, E., and Garrett, A., 2003. Do Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) address gender? A gender audit of 2002 PRSPs The relative success of PRSPs to address gender. Southern African Regional Poverty Network, 2002. Available at: http://www.eldis.org/go/display/?id=13395type=Document

E-Tailing Persuasive Message

E-Tailing Many retailers have expanded their retail market to an online market. Using the internet to sell their goods is known as e commerce. â€Å"Ecommerce allows consumers to electronically exchange goods and services with no barriers of time or distance† (Network Solutions, n. d. ). E commerce has expanded rapidly in recent years due to its convenience for the consumer and the increase in businesses that use electronic retailing (e-tailing). Businesses use different marketing methods in order to reach their customers and attract new ones. Direct Marketing Direct marketing is when businesses sell a product or service directly to the consumer (B2C). With direct marketing, businesses have several options in marketing to their consumers. Businesses can use direct mail, television ads, and internet marketing just to name a few. There has been a rise in direct marketing in recent years. The use of direct marketing can be more costs effective for a business without having the additional cost of the overhead of a traditional store. Amazon. com took book stores to the next level when they began their website selling books via the internet in the mid 1990s. Some companies such as skin care products Proactiv and Skin ID advertise on television and direct you to their websites to purchase their products. Businesses can reach customers directly through email when they sign up for mailing lists. Emails Businesses will contact customers directly through email. This happens often with existing customers. Wells Fargo bank will contact their customers with special offers of products and services with occasional emails. Other businesses will email their customers coupons to draw them into their stores. Baskin Robins ice cream lure their customers in their stores with email coupons promising them free ice cream on their birthday. Email marketing that offers customers special savings and free products can be a very effective marketing tool. Websites Internet consumers can find great deals on travel when they go to travel websites such as Expedia and Travelocity where customers can purchase airfare, rental cars and hotels. Many of these sites offer price matching and other incentive when consumers book their travel plans with their company. They also allow the customer to comparison shop different travel deals in order to eliminate confusion for the consumer. Click-and-Mortar A popular trend in e tailing has been click-and-mortar retailers. Click-and-mortar is typically when e-tailers have an existing store and have branched out into selling their products online (Turban, et al, 2008). Many retailers have expanded their stores to an online market with their stores websites. Stores such as Walmart and Best Buy have tapped into this market. Some of these retailers have some products that are only available for purchase online. Best Buy for example, will sell products that were available at one time in their retail stores but are now only available online. There has also been a shift with e-tailers have moved from internet only to physical brick-and-mortar stores. They have taken a popular, successful way of shopping and brought it to consumers in a traditional way. These e-tailers turned brick-and-mortar as well as those who rely solely on direct marketing can target their consumers with emails, banner ads on popular websites such as social networking sites, and with internet mailing lists. Some businesses do not have enough of a market for their goods to convert to a click-and-mortar retailer â€Å"because they would not have enough consumers† (Turban, et al, 2008). When e-tailers are trying to attract potential customers, no matter what medium they use all messages must follow a similar model. The sender must make clear the purpose of the message, choose the best media for their message, and the technology they will use to deliver the message. When a business chooses the right forum they can be very effective in e tailing. Persuasive Message Member of the Community, Your local City Animal Shelter is making the move into becoming a no kill shelter by the year 2012. We are asking the residents of this city to assist us in meeting this goal by participating in our upcoming low cost spay and neutering clinics. We are also asking for your donations in order to get our new training program up and running so that we may train some of our older dogs to assist the elderly and disabled members of our community. Although the number of animals that are being euthanized is on the decline, any animal put to death is a precious life lost. Countless numbers of animals are being senselessly euthanized as a matter of population control. In order to reach our goals, the shelter plans to begin training as many of the older animals as service dogs because these animals are the least likely to be adopted out and the most likely to be euthanized. Hosting a low cost vaccination clinic will help reduce the number of strays and unwanted animals in the community. Euthanizing animals can no longer be used as a method of population control. We must begin to use our cities unwanted animals in order to help our neighbors in the community that need our help. Please help us by participating in our spay and neutering clinics or with a contribution to get our program off and running. Together we can make this a no kill city and improve the quality of life for our cities elderly and disabled. Sincerely, Your City Animal Shelter References Network Solutions. (n. d. ). What is Ecommerce? Retrieved, May 10, 2010, from http://www. networksolutions. com/education/what-is-ecommerce/ Turban, E. , King, D. , McKay, J. , Marshall, P. , Lee, J. , & Viehland, D. (2008). Electronic commerce 2008: A managerial perspective (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Pediatric Palliative Care

Pediatric Palliative Care Ana M. Gehan Thomas Edison State College Pediatric Palliative Care In modern society, children are expected to outlive their parents. However, for children living with life threatening illnesses, palliative care is an approach to care that enhances quality of life for both the child and the grieving parents. In the article, â€Å"Pediatric Palliative Care: The Time is Now! † the authors stress how important it is to start and/or continue pediatric palliative care programs. Worldwide, an estimated 7 million children and their families could benefit from hospice care (Rushton, January-February 2002, p. 7). In the United States alone, 1 million children are very serious ill (Rushton, January-February 2002, p. 57). Pediatric palliative care has become an increasing discussion in the health care world. Palliative care was first introduced in 1990 by the World Health Organization (WHO) and is currently defined as â€Å"an approach to care which improves qu ality of life of patients and their families facing life-threatening illness through prevention, assessment and treatment of pain and other physical, psychological, and spiritual problems â€Å"(Morgan, March-April, p. 7). Pediatric palliative care is an area of the patient care that can be one of the most emotionally challenging areas of practice. In the article, â€Å"Caring for Dying Children: Assessing the Needs of the Pediatric Palliative Care Nurse† the author outlines how stressful the job of taking care of a dying child can be on the nurse. Health care workers may experience emotions such as helplessness, anger, sadness, and anxiety while providing care to dying children (Morgan, March-April, p. 86). These emotions may quickly lead to â€Å"nurse burnout† and increase nurse burnout in hospital settings. It is not uncommon for health care workers to perceive the death of a child as a â€Å"triple† failure: first, because they did not have the means, skills or abilities to save a life; second, because in their social role as adults, they were unable to protect the child from harm; and, third, because they â€Å"betrayed† parents who trusted them with the most valuable being in their life (Morgan, March-April, p. 87). The nurse’s role in caring and supporting children and their families require special coping skills which are essential to providing the most positive outcome for all that are involved in the palliative process. The aim of pediatric palliative care is to keep the child comfortable while supporting the parents in caring for their child according to their wishes and beliefs. From the diagnosis, parents are already grieving the loss of their child. Grieving not only affects the family but has a huge emotional impact on health care providers as well. When a child’s life ends, families need intense and long-term psychosocial and bereavement services (Rushton, January-February 2002, p. 57). Psychosocial and bereavement resources and support for health care professionals who care for these children are virtually nonexistent or minimally supported in the current cost constrained health care environment (Rushton, January-February 2002, p. 57). The medical world and Congress have taken an important first step to support the need for pediatric palliative care services. In 1999, CHI successfully advocated for bipartisan congressional appropriations for demonstration model program to address the unique needs of children with life threatening conditions (Rushton, January-February 2002, p. 59). There is so much to that nursing has to do in the future to make sure that pediatric palliative is out there in every hospital, institute and every setting that a child is at. We all must increase the awareness of pediatric palliative care programs and the special needs of the nurses who care for these dying children. A child’s death may seem like a long, scary pathway. Nurses have the power to create a brighter journey for these patients and their families, as well as for themselves. References Morgan, D. (March-April). Caring for Dying Children: Assessing the Needs of the Pediatric Palliative Care Nurse. Pediatric Nursing, 35(2), 86-90. Rushton, C. H. (January-February 2002). Pediatric Palliative Care: The Time is Now! Pediatric Nursing, 28(1), 57-70.

Quoting Out of Context Fallacy (Changing Meaning)

The fallacy of quoting something out of context is often included in the Fallacy of Accent, and it is true that there are strong parallels. However, Aristotles original Fallacy of Accent referred solely to shifting the accent on syllables within words, and it is already stretched in modern discussions of fallacies to include shifting the accent between words within a sentence. To expand it further to include shifting emphasis on entire passages is, perhaps, going a bit far. For that reason, the concept of quoting out of context gets its own section. What does it mean to quote someone out of context? After all, every quotation necessarily excludes large sections of the original material and is thus an out of context quotation. What makes this a fallacy is to take a selective quotation which distorts, alters, or even reverses the originally intended meaning. This can be done accidentally or deliberately. Examples and Discussion Quoting out of Context A good example is already hinted at in the discussion of the Fallacy of Accent: irony. A statement meant ironically can be taken wrong when in written form because much irony is communicated through the emphasis when spoken. Sometimes, however, that irony is communicated more clearly through the addition of more material. For example: 1. This has been the best play Ive seen all year! Of course, it is the only play Ive seen all year.2. This was a fantastic movie, as long as you arent looking for plot or character development. In both of these reviews, you start out with an ironic observation which is followed by an explanation which communicates that the foregoing was meant to be taken ironically rather than literally. This can be a dangerous tactic for reviewers to employ because unscrupulous promoters can do this: 3. John Smith calls this the best play Ive seen all year!4. ...a fantastic movie... - Sandy Jones, Daily Herald. In both cases, a passage of the original material has been taken out of context and thereby given a meaning that is exactly the opposite of what was intended. Because these passages are being used in the implicit argument that others should come see the play or movie, they qualify as fallacies, in addition to just being unethical. What you see above is also part of another fallacy, the Appeal to Authority, which attempts to convince you of the truth of the proposition by appealing to the opinion of some authority figure — usually, though, it appeals to their actual opinion rather than a distorted version of it. It is not uncommon for the Quoting Out Of Context fallacy to be combined with an Appeal to Authority, and it is frequently found in creationist arguments. For example, here is a passage from Charles Darwin, often quoted by creationists: 5. Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely-graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and serious objection which can be urged against the theory. The Origin of Species (1859), Chapter 10 Obviously, the implication here is that Darwin doubted his own theory and had encountered a problem he could not solve. But lets look at the quote in the context of the two sentences following it: 6. Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely-graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and serious objection which can be urged against the theory.The explanation lies, as I believe, in the extreme imperfection of the geological record. In the first place, it should always be borne in mind what sort of intermediate forms must, on the theory, have formerly existed... It is now obvious that instead of raising doubts, Darwin was simply using a rhetorical device to introduce his own explanations. The exact same tactic has been used with quotations from Darwin about the development of the eye. Of course, such methods are not limited to just creationists. Here is a quote from Thomas Henry Huxley used on alt.atheism by Rooster, a.k.a Skeptic: 7. This is ... all that is essential to Agnosticism. That which Agnostics deny and repudiate, as immoral, is the contrary doctrine, that there are propositions which men ought to believe, without logically satisfactory evidence; and that reprobation ought to attach to the profession of disbelief in such inadequately supported propositions.The justification of the Agnostic principle lies in the success which follows upon its application, whether in the field of natural, or in that of civil, history; and in the fact that, so far as these topics are concerned, no sane man thinks of denying its validity. The point of this quote is to try and argue that, according to Huxley, all that is essential to agnosticism is to deny that there are propositions which we should believe even though we do not have logically satisfactory evidence. However, this quote misrepresents the original passage: 8. I further say that Agnosticism is not properly described as a negative creed, nor indeed as a creed of any kind, except in so far as it expresses absolute faith in the validity of a principle, which is as much ethical as intellectual. This principle may be stated in various ways, but they all amount to this: that it is wrong for a man to say that he is certain of the objective truth of any proposition unless he can produce evidence which logically justifies that certainty.This is what Agnosticism asserts; and, in my opinion, it is all that is essential to Agnosticism. That which Agnostics deny and repudiate, as immoral, is the contrary doctrine, that there are propositions which men ought to believe, without logically satisfactory evidence; and that reprobation ought to attach to the profession of disbelief in such inadequately supported propositions.The justification of the Agnostic principle lies in the success which follows upon its application, whether in the field of natural, or in that of civil, history; and in the fact that, so far as these topics are concerned, no sane man thinks of denying its validity. [emphasis added] If you notice, the phrase it is all that is essential to Agnosticism actually refers to the preceding passage. Thus, what is essential to Huxleys agnosticism is that people should not claim to be certain of ideas when they do not have the evidence which logically justifies such certainty. The consequence of adopting this essential principle, then, leads agnostics to repudiate the idea that we ought to believe things when we lack satisfactory evidence. Combining the Out of Context Fallacy with Other Fallacies Another common way to use the fallacy of quoting out of context is to combine with a Straw Man argument. In this, someone is quoted out of context so that their position appears weaker or more extreme than it is. When this false position is refuted, the author pretends that they have refuted the real position of the original person. Of course, most of the examples above are do not by themselves qualify as arguments. But it would not be unusual to see them as premises in arguments, either explicit or implicit. When this happens, then a fallacy has been committed. Until then, all we have is simply an error.