Determination of Rate Law Essay

Abstract: A solution containing potassium iodide was mixed with a hydrogen peroxide solution to determine the rate law for the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and potassium iodide at room temperature and the activation energy, Ea, of the above reaction. Potassium iodide and hydrogen peroxide react according to the following equation: We found the experimental rate law for this reaction to be and the activation energy of the reaction was calculated to be and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor (A) of . Introduction All chemical reactions require some minimum amount of energy to transform the reactants into products. The rate of the reaction is the rate at which the products are formed from reactants. At constant temperature, the rate of a chemical reaction is constant and can be determined experimentally using the general rate law . Varying the temperature at which a particular reaction takes place changes the activation energy of the reaction at the different temperatures. Using a transformed version of the Arrhenius equation the value of for the reaction and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor can be determined graphically. Methods There were two solutions involved in this experiment: Solution A comprised of 5. OmL buffer (to stabilize [H+]), 0. 3M KI (a source of I-), starch (indicator for I2), 0. 02M sodium thiosulfate (source of thiosulfate ion), and distilled water (to bring the total volume to 40. 00mL), while solution B contained 0. 1M hydrogen peroxide. In the first part of the experiment, we determined the rate law as follows: We prepared solutions A and B for each trial using the recommended volumes in Table 2 of the lab manual. After preparing the solutions, we used separate thermometers to record the temperature of each solution to the  nearest 0. 1, ensuring that both solution temperatures did not deviate by more than 0. 5. The data obtained was recorded as Table 1. After recording the temperatures, my partner started the timer on her phone while I poured solution B into the flask containing solution A. The end of the reaction was signaled by the formation of a blue iodine-starch complex in the flask. The amount of iodine produced was calculated using the amount of thiosulfate (limiting reagent in the thiosulfate-iodine reaction) in the solution. After performing all five trials, the values obtained for the first three trials were used to create Table 1a below. These values were then plotted using Graphical Analysis and curve fitted to determine the order of the reaction with respect to iodide as shown on Figure 1a. Table 1b was also created using the values for the last three trials, then plotted on a graph (as shown on Figure 1b) to determine the order of the reaction with respect to hydrogen peroxide and two values for the rate constant, . The values for p and q were rounded to the nearest integer and the average of the two values was then calculated to be resulting in the rate law for the of In the second part of the experiment, we determined the activation energy for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide using potassium iodide by performing runs similar to part 1, but varying temperatures at which the reaction takes place. For each run, solution A and B were prepared using the recommended values from the lab manual. We then place both solutions in an ice bath (for the first 2 runs) and in a water bath (for the remaining runs) to get their temperatures to the same values as that of the water/ice in the bath. We also used the temperature values suggested in the lab manual. When needed, we increased the temperature by heating the hot plate on which we placed our bath of adding ice cubes into the bath. Once the thermometers in each solution and that in the bath reached the desired value, I simultaneously noted the time on the lab clock and poured solution B into the flask containing solution B. I recorded the time from when I poured solution A into B to when I noticed a color change from colorless to purple. I then used the data obtained to plot a graph of ln(k) against the reciprocal of the temperature for all the six runs, plus the average value of k and temperature calculated from the first part of the lab. This graph was then used to determine the activation energy, Ea and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor, A. We report an A value of and an activation energy value of 56. 80kJ/mol. This compares to theoretical value of 56. 5kJ/mol at 0. 53% difference.

Compensation And Benefits

Compensation And Benefits Compensation takes many forms. Total compensation is comprised of three components. These are base compensation, pay incentives and benefits. The first two components comprise of direct compensation, which is the largest component and is an important motivator. However, money is not the only motivator. Indirect compensation is the other component and it takes two forms. These are benefits and employee services. These can also play and important role in building the relationships between employees and employers. Benefits remain crucial to attracting, retraining and motivating employees. The Royal Bank of Canada is a diversified financial service company with over 54,000 people who serve 10 million personal, business and public sector customers in North America and some 30 countries around the worldwide.(1) *?. We will be discussing, analyzing and critiquing Royal Bank's current Human Resources practices from a customer service representative perspective for compensation and benefits a nd how they support their overall business strategies, as well as how they also compare to standard employee compensation in Canada.Royal Bank Branch, Notre Dame Street, Montreal, QC...Most employers provide their employees with benefits such as medical and dental benefits, life insurance or disability benefits. Benefits now constitute approximately 30 percent of all compensation costs. (Gomez-Mejia and et al p.377). Controlling the costs of employee benefit plans continues to be a primary objective of many employers. Organizations realize that they need to properly manage these costs. However, ensuring a adequate level of benefits, an effective partnership between all stakeholders, including the carrier, benefits consultants, medical community, the employee and the organization is also required.There are many reasons why employee benefit programs are provided. These are outlined by Raymond Koskie and et al (1995). They are: 1. The paternalism of employers- the concern that any empl oyer will feel for the well-being of its employee, 2. Economics of scale- the extent to which...

5 Creative Ideas for Martin Luther King Essay

5 Creative Ideas for Martin Luther King Essay Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was one of the most revolutionary influences of the 20th Century. His passion and determination for race equality not only changed history, but paved the way for many other activists seeking rights and representation. During his lifetime, he inspired millions to fight for freedoms they never dreamed possible, and his death remains a testament to his dedication to peace. It’s no wonder that professors love to assign essays about this controversial American hero. While it can seem a daunting task to undertake, writing a powerful essay about Martin Luther King, Jr. is actually much easier than it seems. With the right approach and a little personal investment, your professor will be blown away by the quality and depth of your Martin Luther King essay submission. Maximum Quotability In many high schools and colleges, Martin Luther King Day is celebrated with essay contests that revolve around many of his incredible quotes. To start your essay off right, try looking up some of these well-known (or little-known) snippets to get the mental juices flowing: Everyone has the power for greatness, not for fame, but greatness, because greatness is determined by service. †Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.† â€Å"Lifes most persistent and urgent question is, What are you doing for others?† â€Å"War is a poor chisel to carve out tomorrow.† â€Å"Faith is taking the first step even when you dont see the whole staircase.† Connect It to Your Life Martin Luther King, Jr. talked about so many important concepts that it is virtually impossible not to be personally affected by at least one. Review some of the main ideas that he fought and died for. Which ideas have your life (or the lives of those you love) been touched by? Tell those stories and then reflect on how Dr. King’s actions have helped you to be where you are today. Some of Dr. King’s ideas to consider are: People should not be judged based on their outward appearance, but by the â€Å"content of their character.† Fear is the ultimate cause for hatred and violence. Not standing up for what is right is just as bad as doing wrong. Nonviolence is a powerful weapon. Quality of life, not length of life, is what is important. The creative and dedicated minority are the ones who change the world. Living History Another great way to get into your essay is by looking at the life of Martin Luther King, Jr. from a historical perspective. Pick out a few events that were pivotal in the life of Dr. King, or turn the last few days of his life into a narrative essay. In fact, you could get creative by writing a short story from the perspective of a close assistant or even the gunman who assassinated Dr. King. Just make sure that you use primary sources and good research skills to build your narrative upon. What If? It’s been almost 50 years since the death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. In that time, we’ve seen racial integration and equality on an unprecedented scale. And yet, is there more work that needs to be done? In this essay style, you need to take a look around and see the world through Dr. King’s eyes. What would he think of today’s music? Our current president? Current social and political activism efforts? Peruse the headlines and imagine what Dr. King would think about the Ferguson riots or the push for gay marriage rights equality. Then, write your essay from his perspective, using his own quotes to support your theories of how he would respond. Put It Into Action Instead of starting your essay on a piece of paper, why not begin something with your hands? For example, instead of just writing about Dr. King’s ideology, consider putting those ideas into action for a week. Take notes about how serving others made you feel. Explain the difficulties and benefits of reacting peacefully to people who don’t like you. When all the other students in your class are turning in the same rehashed information and opinions, you can be sharing your real-life experiences of putting Dr. King’s famous concepts into action – and completely blow your teacher away. Are you assigned with Martin Luther King essay? Have some interesting ideas? Share anything with us in the comments below

Importance of Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Importance of Communication - Research Paper Example With respect to Hindustan Lever Limited (HLL), the company provides great example for understanding that how the market scenario had provided decision makers to understand the problems and opportunities and turn them to innovation. Innovation may rake the shape of a unique product, different methods or new approach of performing business. It arrives from inside of a company. Successful innovations take place by different outlooks and concepts. HLL had put great deal of efforts to develop innovative approaches and increase sales in the rural poor market of India. Generally, the products of multinational companies are targeted for developed market and the price is often beyond the purchasing power of rural citizens. Thus, multinational companies always market their products for the top level customers in poorer nations. HLL seeks to take the opportunity of making products available for poor consumers. They seek to reach to the poor customers by research and development approach. HLL ob served that to sell their products in the rural market of India there is need to shift from traditional media. In India, there were differences in using the television media among poor people and thus there was need for more direct and individual approach to communicate their message to the poor consumers. The main problem HLL faced for selling the products was illiteracy among poor Indian people. The decision makers had recognized that customers need to be educated first to understand the benefits they can get by using HLL products (Achtmeyer, â€Å"Hindustan Lever†). There was a great opportunity in front of HLL as the food market was strong in India. Food accounts for almost half of all commercial consumptions in India. India’s market was characterized by overwhelming national and social diversity. The HLL market researchers had studied the market of India and learned that majority of food purchased by poor people are raw in nature. The food products where made as w ell as sold locally. Each food products such as wheat, rice and salt among others have separate supply chain. As salt was the key input of majority of HLL products, the decision makers had selected salt as prospect for market growth (Achtmeyer, â€Å"Hindustan Lever†). HLL entered in the salt market of India by their new product ‘Kissan Annapuna’ in the year 1995. At that time, 10% of total consumer salt was sold branded. The decision makers had recognized the need for improving the customers’ knowledge. Besides the rural market, the consumers of urban market also purchased unbranded salt. In order to expand their business, HLL concentrated on the urban market to demonstrate the practicality of their branded salt. The demand and production of salt was well in India, thus HLL focused on upgrading the quality of their salt and purity in their products. The major issue for HLL was the price of product as their main competitor was local salt which was inexpens ive. The cost of HLL salt was high because it included the shipping expenses, packaging expenses and refinery expenses that were absent in local products.

Managing human resource in travel and tourism management Essay

Managing human resource in travel and tourism management - Essay Example In most situations, the driver becomes multipurpose; that is, acts as both the driver and guard. This is important because it reduces cost. However, the driver has to undergo training to be considered an expert in guiding. This training is arranged by the human-resource department. It is worth noting that the guide has extensive knowledge of history, literature and of England. As a result, the information aired is accurate hence the customer enjoys and appreciates the time with P&P Tours (Mathis & Jackson, 2003). The demand and supply forces are the most important forces in a business organization. This is because these forces keep the company in check hence make the right decisions. In the travel and tourism environment, the demand for the personnel in this sector is very high. This is because the tourism sector in the United Kingdom is considered to be one of the best in the world. Therefore, the influx of tourists to see the world sites is considered to be on an all-time high. Thi s translates to the fact that demand for tour companies is high, hence personnel to work in these companies is also high. Supply of the personnel, on the other hand, is notably low. This is because the industry requires skilled personnel to work in the sector. This is because some detail is crucial for a tour to be considered successful, hence personnel need to be trained on this information. However, persons that have undergone this training are less compared to the demand for these personnel. It is, therefore, right to say that the demand for personnel in this business environment is more than the supply (Human-Resource Resource Planning Society, 1998).). A human-resource plan exists as a departmental document thatstipulates programme that... "Human Resource in Travel and tourism management" essay outlines the value of the human resource in the travel industry, describes important skills and forces in business organization. It shows the different examples how to achieve a superior product through improving staff. The demand and supply forces are the most important forces in a business organization. This is because these forces keep the company in check hence make the right decisions. In the travel and tourism environment, the demand for the personnel in this sector is very high. This is because the tourism sector in the United Kingdom is considered to be one of the best in the world. Therefore, the influx of tourists to see the world sites is considered to be on an all-time high. This translates to the fact that demand for tour companies is high, hence personnel to work in these companies is also high. Supply of the personnel, on the other hand, is notably low. This is because the industry requires skilled personnel to wo rk in the sector. This is because some detail is crucial for a tour to be considered successful, hence personnel need to be trained on this information. However, persons that have undergone this training are less compared to the demand for these personnel. It is, therefore, right to say that the demand for personnel in this business environment is more than the supply. A human-resource plan exists as a departmental document thatstipulates programme that are to be followed in the next few years to facilitate proper human-resource management.

The US Presidential Electoral System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The US Presidential Electoral System - Essay Example After the election, the delegates cast their electoral vote and the winner is decided. This system was necessitated at the birth of the nation when counting a national popular vote was impractical. In addition, it protected the government offices from being decided by an ill-informed electorate. Though it is generally an adequate reflection of the voters' preference, it has several weaknesses. One weakness in the electoral college, that a popular vote system would rectify, is the unequal distribution of voter power. Under the current system, the number of electoral votes is equal to the number of House members plus two. Since the number of House members is based on population, this gives an advantage to the smaller states (Bennett 3). Voters in the least populated states have more power with their individual votes than the voters in the larger states do. In addition, since the apportionment of electoral votes is based on the census, it is always out of date, sometimes by as much as 1 0 years (Edwards 2). A popular vote system would alleviate both of these problems and accurately reflect the population on an equal basis. Individual voter power is further hampered when the minority (loser) in the large states are awarded no electoral delegates at all. Leib and Mark state that, "Minority voters in large non-swing states—say Republicans today in California or New York, as well as Democrats in Texas—have the most reason to be upset with the current method of awarding electoral votes" (106). Uneven apportionment, out of date census data, and no minority voice creates an unjust system of voter unfairness. One of the purposes of an electoral system is to facilitate and encourage voter participation. When voters feel like their vote is of little or no value, they will be discouraged from participating in the process. As an example, Indiana has traditionally voted overwhelmingly for the Republican presidential candidate in the last several elections. Though Democrats make up as much as 40 percent of the vote, their votes have not been counted for years. For all practical purposes, they have no reason to vote for a candidate that can not carry the state. "These disincentives essentially take the form of reducing the perceived benefits of voting for a Presidential candidate by restricting the power of votes to state jurisdictions rather than allowing all votes equal value (power) in a national election determined strictly by a popular vote" (Cebula and Murphy 188). Reforming the electoral college to reflect a more equitable system of voter power would encourage greater voter participation. Moving to a popular vote system would not only more fairly represent the voters, it would also reduce the special favor spending projects that are awarded

Environmental Forces In The Indian Shipping Industry

Environmental Forces In The Indian Shipping Industry The global shipbuilding industry has changed in the last two decades, the demand and supply of goods in the international market, that many sectors in the market of shipbuilding in force. The transport of goods in bulk can only be transported by large commercial cargo ships. Shipping industry is a huge industry that requires a lot of skilled and cheap labour. Shipping industry requires expensive investments. In the 1960s Europe were dominant in this industry. Globalization and free trade have opened up opportunities for new life to the shipping industry. There are many factors that directly or indirectly affects to the present day companies such as government policies, regulations, laws, competition, technology, international organizations, institutions of world trade, minimum wage, accidents, risk, violence, safety, labour, supplies, etc. So for any company to survive they have to manage the strategies accordingly to overcome those factors. But in practice it is virtually impossible to consider all these various factors. There are certain forces like PEST that determine the external factors to the environments of shipping industry. Here I found that, the Indian government is providing enormous support to promote foreign trade for the economic development and from my personal experience in shipping industry under Shipping Corporation of India (SCI) gave me thrust to explore more about the Indian shipping industry. Here I analysed the Indian shipping industries growth and present situation using PEST forces. The four environmental forces [PEST] are discussed in this report are as follows 1. Political 2. Economic 3. Social 4. Technology 1 Introduction 1.1 MACRO ENVIRONMENT The major external and uncontrollable factors that influence an organizations decision making, and affect its performance and strategies. These factors include the economic factors; demographics, legal, political, and social conditions, technological changes, and natural forces. A PEST analysis is used to analyze the external environment that affects al firms. PEST is a short form of political, economical, social and technological factors of the external macro environment. Changes in the external environment also create new opportunities and the letters are rearranged to construct the more optimistic term of STEP analysis. Many macro environmental factors are country specific and a PEST analysis will need to be performed for all countries of interest. Specific examples of macro environment influences include competitors, changes in interest rates, changes in cultural tastes, disastrous weather, or government regulations. 1.2 Indian shipping Industry In todays fast moving world of airplanes, traveling by sea is very slow, but when we talk about transporting heavy and mass delivery of goods, ships can be the only option. The marine and the sea trade have always been given the first preference in India and also all over the world. This is the main reason that, marine industry is considered the largest transportation industry. Shipping industry involves huge workforce, huge investment and modern technology for smooth running. Shipping is a time consuming process. As we know import and exports contribute the national income of the country, where major imports and exports are done through the sea. The main driving factor of this industry is the GDP growth. Over the past years the shipping industry has shifted its primarily base from the dominating nation like Europe to now Asia. The Indian shipping consists of about 616 vessels with a total capacity of 6.62 million gross tonnages (GRT). Of these, about 258 ships in overseas trade and the other layers operate domestic routes. After a period of decline, both tonnage and fleet size has grown recently with the addition of vessels tugs, survey vessels, towing vessels and pilot vessels one of the Ports and Maritime Board. These were recorded between April 2002 and March 2003. There are approximately 55 shipping companies in the industry, of which 19 are exclusively in the coastal areas of trade and 29 operating in the overseas trade. The rest operate in both types of trade. Â   A few major players dominate the sector. Of these, the State Shipping Corporation of India (SCI) and the private sectors Great Eastern Shipping has mixed fleet. Other companies like Essar Shipping are focused on energy trade and mainly operates tankers. Chowgule Shipping and Varun shipping are two other major companies in the industry. Varun Shipping is especially deals with bulk, gas and chemical transport and Chowgule shipping moves bulk commodities like iron ore, grain, coal, fertilizer, etc Here we will analyze the overall Indian shipping industry using PEST analysis which refers to factors like Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors. 2 Political Factors Shipping industry in India is administered by central government through Ministry of Shipping with the individual responsibility to plan policies, programme and its implementation. Every port in India is governed under Major Port Trust Act 1963 and Indian Ports Act 1980 and administered independently by board of trustees under direct orders from central government. Due to the immense involvement of the government political force are more important in India. 2.1 Appointment of Custom House Agents Customs House Agent (CHA) is a person who is appointed by the government to act as an agent for operation of any business relating to the entry or departure of conveyances or the import or export of goods at any Customs station. These agents are governed by Customs House Agents Licensing Regulations, 1984 which involve responsibilities like filing bills of entry, shipping bills, submitting documents, helping in examination of goods, payment of duty on behalf of principal, storage and movement of goods. These agents act as an intermediate between importer, exporter, clearing agent and custom house due to the more involvement and technical behaviour of work involved in connection with the clearance of cargo. These agents are selected after clearing certain criterias like minimum qualification as graduation, practical working experience in customs for 3 years, consistency of applicant, financial soundness and completion of oral and written examination with maximum 3 attempts. This kind of agents affects positively in the Indian shipping sector, because it prevents the fraud and illegal entry and controls the activities of shipping business in a particular manner. 2.2 Infrastructure Development Maritime transport is a national social and economic development infrastructure. It will affect the speed, structure and mode of development. 90% of Indias foreign trade conducted by sea, unlike the existing port infrastructure and trade will not be sufficient treatment. In recent years, the Government has started in return for up to 100% of the tax exemption of up to 10 years to promote PPP model in infrastructure project investment up to 100% relief, ADIs incentives. As a result of this a huge amount of investments have been made by foreign companies like Maersk, PO Ports, Dubai Ports International and PSA Singapore for the development of port and operation activities. This type of activity helps to encourage the shipping industry for the new investors, while it also gives the benefit to the existing market players by providing loans and other facilities, and helps in development of sites, this factor is positively affect the industry. 2.3 Anti Sea Piracy: Government is actively involved in reducing the sea piracy in Gulf of Aden off Somalia coast. Pirates became a major problem in the recent time for the shipping industry, especially during the trade and transit between India and other counties like Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti, Egypt and Ethiopia. To protect vessels and crew from such pirate attacks, India has deployed its naval warship in Gulf of Aden since 2008 under informal Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS). This was accepted by 22 countries for securing their vessels from the coast of Somalia from pirates. Around 59 Indian vessels are hijacked in the year 2009 till date but none of the crew members or vessels has been held detained due to proactive and timely measures by government. This policy negatively affects the industry, because due to policy of government businesses in sea is not safe at Somalia coast. So the shipping business was suffering a lot because none of the companies want to do their business in such dangerous places. 2.4 Safeguarding Domestic Market: With the action of anti dumping and anti subsidy measures and comply with the WTO agreement, government seek to provide necessary relief and protection to domestic companies against dumping of goods and articles at cheaper rates by exporting companies of foreign countries. India has been a victim since long time against such unfair practices in items like import of chemicals, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, textile, steel and other consumer products which were dumped at cheaper rates than offered by Indian companies. Under these anti dumping measures government charges an additional duty on such cheap imported products making it equivalent to price offered by domestic market. These factors will effect negatively to the shipping business in India. This is because the anti dumping and high duty will discourage the foreign players to invest in Indian market, because of less opportunity and less import in such a situation. 2.5 Promoting Exports: To overcome shortcomings on account of multiple controls and clearances, absence of world class infrastructure, unstable fiscal regime and with a view to attract larger foreign investments in India, the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Policy was announced in April 2000. This policy intends to make SEZs an engine for economic growth, employment opportunities, attract foreign direct investment, infrastructure development with attractive incentives like exemption from central and state taxes, 100% income tax exemption for 5 years, duty free imports, exemption from custom and excise duties etc. As a result there are presently 105 SEZ units operational in India with continuous growth rate of more than 50% annually. Even during the period of recession when global markets were struggling Indian SEZs were booming with growth rate of 93% and 50% in fiscal year 2008-2009 and 2009-20010 respectively. These factors will positively affect the shipping business in India. As the other benefits and tax saving in SEZ is more, the foreign companies are interested to invest in Indian Shipping Industry, which will improve the development of Indian shipping industry. Also 100% benefit in tax and other duty free schemes encourage the domestic companies to invest more and more and export as much as possible. This will result into high growth of industry. Overall, from the above factors, two factors will negatively affects the shipping industry and two will positively affect the shipping industry in India. All the present and upcoming governments are interested in development of shipping industry. So, the political factors are positively affects the shipping industry. 3 Economic Factors: Economic factors are as important as political factors that affect not only this industry but every industry in every corner of the world. Change in economic conditions at domestic or at international level mostly affects the functioning of each industry, following are some of the economic factors that may affect shipping industry. Exchange Rates are required for determining the custom duties and excise duties, assessment of import and export goods, payment of duties etc. These rates are not uniform and fluctuate daily in line with demand-supply factors existing in international markets. The Indian government used to inform the shipping authority about the monthly exchange rate, through monthly notification. This ensures that dealing and communication between trade bodies and government agencies, in respect of duties and value of goods is uniformed across all ports and across all custom houses throughout India, instead of different rates and different value. 3.1 Rationalization Measures With the incentives like minimal or zero custom duty, government is promoting trade of medical equipments, construction machineries, renewable sources of energy, bio degradable products, solar energy, export of species, tea/ coffee plantation and agricultural machinery etc. At the same time the Indian government demotes import of products like petrol, diesel, precious metals which add no value to the economy as a whole. These validation measures are available to improve infrastructure, quality of life of people, better facilities and environment friendly products. These factors affect positively to the shipping industries, as encouragement from the government for export, agricultural improvements etc will increase the export and increase the profitability of Indian shipping industry. 3.2 Push n Pull Factors Due to global recession for the last few years liquidity of countries around the world has affected badly. As a result of the recession many governments have increased the percentage rates on fixed and saving deposits to pull out money from its people to fund the shortage. This move was successful to some extent which was further boosted by relaxation in income tax slabs. For example, individual in India earning 5 lacks (0.5 million) or more was paying 30% tax under previous rules which is now decreased by 20% under Union Budget 2010-11. This means saving of Rs 50,000 by way of tax annually which has indirectly increased the buying power of that individual. Government also made tax relaxations, if the investment is made in national health care, medical and infrastructure projects. These new procedures and relaxations have provided relief to around 60% of taxpayers by way of savings in taxes. This factor is also positively affects the shipping industry indirectly, as the circulation of money getting high, the demographic pattern of people will also change like income, purchasing power etc. which will increase the business of shipping by more movement of goods and services for meet the high demands. 3.3 Inflation The inflation rate reflects changes in supply and demand conditions in economy. Inflation management therefore involves controlling demand and supply factors by various monetary and fiscal measures respectively. Before global recession wholesale price index (WPI) inflation was high due to the raw material and fuel prices increase, resulting decreased due to meltdown in the global economy, which has resulted in the sharp decline in commodity prices. Due to the above factors the inflation rate in India during the period 2008-09 was 10.20% which has reached to 1.63% in 2009-10. As regards food inflation, the continuous increase in inflation rate from start of 2009-10 was majorly due to unfavourable monsoon in India which was worst since 1972. Food inflation has reached double digits because of shortage in supply of wheat, rice, pulses, sugar, onions and potatoes. Government initiated several anti-inflationary measures such as exempting duties on import of rice, wheat, pulses, edible oils to bring more imports to country and also allowing distribution of rice and wheat to consumers through public distribution centres (PDS). So to control the increase in price further trading, exports have also been suspended for rice, wheat and onions. However inflation in India was much better and inactive compared to other countries of world. Inflation rate negatively affect the Indian shipping industry, because high rate of inflation will resulted into high prices and high rate of transfer of goods will decrease the business of shipping. Overall, economic factors are positively affects the shipping industry. Except inflation all factors are positively affects the shipping industry and growth rate is also high. 4 Social Forces 4.1 Quick Facts Indian civilization can be traced back to 3400 BC during the development of Indus Valley Civilization. India lies to the north of the equator between 6Â °44 and 35Â °30 north latitude and 68Â °7 and 97Â °25 east longitude. Indias coast is 7,517 kilometres long which consists of 43% sandy beaches, 11% rocky coast including cliffs, and 46% mudflats or marshy coast India has a GDP of over USD 1.367 trillion, the 11th largest in the world. It is the 4th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. Its per capita income is USD 1124, 139th in the world. Population in India is second highest in the world. As of 2010, Indias population is estimated to be 1.18 billion. India ranks 139th globally under medium human development category according to human development index (HDI). Due to significant changes in economic reforms undertaken during the industrial revolution in 1991, India has transformed itself to one of the fastest growing economies in world. India is also a strong member of Commonwealth of Nations, SAARC, and WTO. Indias strong 55,000 military personnels are serving in 35 UN peacekeeping operations across 4 continents. 4.2 Demographics India has more land than any other country except United States, and largest water covered area after Canada and United States. Indian life revolves mostly around agriculture and allied activities in small villages, where the vast majority of Indians live. As per the 2001 census, 72.2% of the population lives in about 638,000 villages and the remaining 27.8% lives in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban areas. In languages Hindi is used by over 80% of population in India followed by Muslim (13.4%), Christian (2.4%) and Sikhs (1.3%). Muslim population in India is third largest in world after Indonesia and Pakistan. 57% of population in India is between age group 15-59 years while around 35% of population is below 15 years. Literacy rate in India is 64.8% overall distributed between urban (79.9%) and rural areas (58.7%). This factor is positively affects the shipping industry, as difference in location, demand people will demand different things and import of it will increase the s hipping business. 4.3 Cultural Trends Trends are a sign of new enablers unlocking existing human needs which are constantly changing with time. Cultural trend reflects in many tangible aspects ranging from architecture to attire to food to culture which are deeply embedded in the rich historical and geographical elements of the country. In the past two decades, India has seen number of changes, more seen as an after effect of globalization. A nation of thinkers has become a nation of makers, eco sensitivity is on the rise, and all this has translated into a new language of patriotism, and speaks of a newly defined culture. This cultural shift has definite impacts on the Indian work scenario. Start-ups today have fresh innovative concepts and exciting working models which highlights the key socio-cultural trends in India. Businesses are increasingly catering to rational, practical and current cultural needs and are not based only on traditional models and offerings. Indian society is defined by relatively strict social hi erarchy because of high degree of syncretism and cultural pluralism. Marriage is considered to be a thought for life and therefore divorce rate is extremely low in India. 4.4 Recent Trends in 2011 Government has started its long awaited prosperous plan to provide unique identification number to every citizen which would be used primarily as the basis for efficient delivery of welfare services. It would also act as a tool for effective monitoring of various programs and schemes of the Government. This program of unique identification will strengthen transparency and accountability. Plans are also underway to improve literacy rate of 60mn females among 70mn illiterate adults through introduction of Saakshar Bharat (Educate India) scheme enhancing post metric scholarships schemes for scheduled cast students. National Social Security Fund for unorganized sector workers to be set up with an initial allocation of Rs. 10,000mn. This fund will support schemes for weavers, toddy tappers, rickshaw pullers etc. Various such measures are being taken by government to improve the education level in rural areas, improving the health of rural people and those living below poverty line, develo ping rural infrastructure and rural housing. Overall, socio cultural factors positively affect the industry. Because people are more relay on shipping and this will increases the growth. 5 Technological Factors Technologies significantly affect humans ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. Technological development like printer, telephones and internet to name a few have narrowed physical barriers to communication and allowed human to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology innovations are good for society like development of nuclear and other weapons which only create destruction. In recent times, more encouragement is being given to new technologies which are environment friendly. Shipping industry is majorly dependent on technology which fastens the movement of goods and ships data processing, control the increased throughput, better delivery and communication, reducing fuel consumption and costs. We will see some of the benefits of technology to revolutionize the shipping industry. 5.1 Faster Data Processing Traditional methods of manual data entry with typewriters for the preparation of shipping documents, invoices, the survey reports, and load / discharge list were taken over by computers and the Internet. Now customers prepare shipping instructions in their own office with computers and direct delivery to shipping companies for the preparation of bills of lading using the internet. Customers also receive web invoices and payments to shipping companies with online banking. This technology has improved in changing the way people have traditionally been the work with greater ease, flexibility and efficiency. Customers can also track estimated arrival / departure of cargo to / from Terminal Operators on site because of the synchronization between companies system and the Internet. CHA and shipping companies have also benefited with this technological improvement. They are now able to communicate with customs, government offices easily through mails and can send official shipping documents using encrypted data transfer channel. These e-business solutions, organizations benefit through low costs, reduction in errors, short processing times, reusable data, real time information, less rekeying, saving of phone, fax and courier costs, secure solutions, seamless flow etc. These e-solutions have been further boosted in shipping with the introduction of INTTRA (Third E-business platform), which has allowed customers to send the same data to multiple operators, rather than sending each data individually to each operator. Now almost every shipping communication between customer and shipping lines are being done using this system. Another breakthrough in this area was the implementation of customs EDI system (electronic data interchange), which connected Indian customs with companies in international trade electronically. The main purpose for its implementation was to respond quickly to the needs of trade, the reduction of trade interaction with authorities, uniformity of assessment and evaluation across all custom stations, providing quick and correct information and statistics to policy makers. Due to the increased data accuracy, security and management the paper work, operational time and costs reduced drastically. 5.2 Ship Technology Changes in shipbuilding and engineering design technology and material changes made to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, thereby reducing erosion to save marine ecosystems and to increase fuel efficiency. One innovation which is underway in field of recirculation of exhaust gases in ships, which will reduce pollution of nitrogen oxide in atmosphere. A company named MAN has produced the diesel engine using exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system that can reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by 50% today and 80% in near future. The system works by directing part of a vessels exhaust gas back into the engine scavenge air, reducing the oxygen content in the combustion chamber. The reduced lower combustion temperature in turn reduces the formation of nitrogen oxide. Testing of this prototype system will be done in of the container vessel in current year (2011). Another technology is developed by SISTEMAR, in design of propeller which is expected to increase efficiency of the ship by 5% to 8%. This contracted and loaded tip (CLT) propeller is an unconventional propeller which will reduce tip vortex, reduce cavitations, improve manoeuvring and will reduce emission by 5% to 8% compared to conventional propellers. After the initial testing it has been found that new propeller has significantly reduced vibrations onboard the ship, increased the efficiency and the propeller is causing low induced pressure pulses. Overall, technological factors positively affect the shipping industry, because the development of technology will reduce the time of process and useful in timely decisions. New technological advances will increase the business by improving service quality and high performance processing. 6 Conclusions and Recommendation Container line business is a flamboyant industry not only in India but in whole world. Due to fast economic growth as in the past, trade between India and developed countries has increased appreciably. India is now seen as export making country from its traditional tag of import specific country. As a result of this development, shipping industry is progressing at average rate of 10% during the last 3 years. It is also important that government of India and Ministry of Shipping in particular should take more positive steps like setting up automated container terminals, increasing more dry cargo berths, liberal regulations in free movement of foreign exchange and international trade, easing export/ import duties to make this industry work more freely and contribute even more to economic development of the country. Companies at same time should adapt more technology to make easy and efficient work environment for customers and employees. Looking ahead it seems strong prospective in growth markets, where the number of middle-income consumers is booming. In 2011, government should focus the main part of its attention and investments in these markets. In the start of the worst year ever for container activities is in 2008 2009 due to recession, the Indian government continued its focus on strengthening competitiveness.